{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T20:55:46Z","timestamp":1760820946373,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]],"date-time":"2017-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Kinect v2 sensor may be a cheap and easy to use sensor to quantify gait in clinical settings, especially when applied in set-ups integrating multiple Kinect sensors to increase the measurement volume. Reliable estimates of foot placement locations are required to quantify spatial gait parameters. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of distance from the sensor, side and step length on estimates of foot placement locations based on Kinect\u2019s ankle body points. Subjects (n = 12) performed stepping trials at imposed foot placement locations distanced 2 m or 3 m from the Kinect sensor (distance), for left and right foot placement locations (side), and for five imposed step lengths. Body points\u2019 time series of the lower extremities were recorded with a Kinect v2 sensor, placed frontoparallelly on the left side, and a gold-standard motion-registration system. Foot placement locations, step lengths, and stepping accuracies were compared between systems using repeated-measures ANOVAs, agreement statistics and two one-sided t-tests to test equivalence. For the right side at the 2 m distance from the sensor we found significant between-systems differences in foot placement locations and step lengths, and evidence for nonequivalence. This distance by side effect was likely caused by differences in body orientation relative to the Kinect sensor. It can be reduced by using Kinect\u2019s higher-dimensional depth data to estimate foot placement locations directly from the foot\u2019s point cloud and\/or by using smaller inter-sensor distances in the case of a multi-Kinect v2 set-up to estimate foot placement locations at greater distances from the sensor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]],"date-time":"2017-10-10T10:34:29Z","timestamp":1507631669000},"page":"2301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Validation of Foot Placement Locations from Ankle Data of a Kinect v2 Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Daphne","family":"Geerse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bert","family":"Coolen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Detmar","family":"Kolijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melvyn","family":"Roerdink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.02.047","article-title":"Quantification of human motion: Gait analysis\u2014Benefits and limitations to its application to clinical problems","volume":"37","author":"Simon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shotton, J., Fitzgibbon, A., Cook, M., Sharp, T., Finocchio, M., Moore, R., Kipman, A., and Blake, A. (2011, January 20\u201325). Real-time human pose recognition in parts from single depth images. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Colorado Springs, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995316"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2016.06.015","article-title":"Concurrent validity of the Microsoft Kinect for Windows v2 for measuring spatiotemporal gait parameters","volume":"38","author":"Dolatabadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2017.03.007","article-title":"Microsoft Kinect can distinguish differences in over-ground gait between older persons with and without Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"44","author":"Eltoukhy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.10.001","article-title":"Improved kinect-based spatiotemporal and kinematic treadmill gait assessment","volume":"51","author":"Eltoukhy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0139913","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139913","article-title":"Kinematic validation of a multi-Kinect v2 instrumented 10-meter walkway for quantitative gait assessments","volume":"10","author":"Geerse","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.02.021","article-title":"Walking-adaptability assessments with the Interactive Walkway: Between-systems agreement and sensitivity to task and subject variations","volume":"54","author":"Geerse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.05.021","article-title":"Gait assessment using the Microsoft Xbox One Kinect: Concurrent validity and inter-day reliability of spatiotemporal and kinematic variables","volume":"48","author":"Mentiplay","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0175813","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175813","article-title":"Validation of enhanced Kinect sensor based motion capturing for gait assessment","volume":"12","author":"Ilg","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Springer, S., and Seligmann, G.Y. (2016). Validity of the Kinect for gait assessment: A focused review. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16020194"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.08.011","article-title":"Concurrent validity of the Microsoft Kinect for assessment of spatiotemporal gait variables","volume":"46","author":"Clark","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.03.005","article-title":"Reliability and concurrent validity of the Microsoft Xbox One Kinect for assessment of standing balance and postural control","volume":"42","author":"Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0166532","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166532","article-title":"Accuracy and reliability of the Kinect version 2 for clinical measurement of motor function","volume":"11","author":"Otte","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.01.005","article-title":"The validity of the first and second generation Microsoft Kinect\u2122 for identifying joint center locations during static postures","volume":"49","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27569","DOI":"10.3390\/s151127569","article-title":"Calibration of Kinect for Xbox One and comparison between the two generations of Microsoft sensors","volume":"15","author":"Pagliari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.07.007","article-title":"Two simple methods for determining gait events during treadmill and overground walking using kinematic data","volume":"27","author":"Zeni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Girden, E.R. (1992). ANOVA: Repeated Measures, Sage University Paper Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.1.30","article-title":"Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients","volume":"1","author":"McGraw","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.4.284","article-title":"Guidelines, criteria, and rules of the thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology","volume":"6","author":"Cicchetti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029900800204","article-title":"Measuring agreement in method comparison studies","volume":"8","author":"Bland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20255","article-title":"Does the intraclass correlation coefficient always reliably express reliability? Comment on the article by Cheung et al","volume":"62","author":"Luime","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550617697177","article-title":"Equivalence tests: A practical primer for t-tests, correlations, and meta-analyses","volume":"8","author":"Lakens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Pers. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Kurillo, G., Ofli, F., and Bajcsy, R. (2015, January 21\u201323). Evaluation of pose tracking accuracy in the first and second generations of Microsoft Kinect. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics, Dallas, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHI.2015.54"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.08.006","article-title":"Detection of gait cycles in treadmill walking using a Kinect","volume":"41","author":"Auvinet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4605","DOI":"10.3390\/s150304605","article-title":"New lower-limb gait asymmetry indices based on a depth camera","volume":"15","author":"Auvinet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hotrabhavananda, B., Mishra, A.K., Skubic, M., Hotrabhavananda, N., and Abbott, C. (2016, January 16\u201320). Evaluation of the Microsoft Kinect skeletal versus depth data analysis for timed-up and go and figure of 8 walk tests. Proceedings of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2016.7591183"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2301\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:46:53Z","timestamp":1760208413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s17102301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17102301","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]]}}}