{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T17:00:38Z","timestamp":1763830838868,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]],"date-time":"2017-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plasmonic nanomaterials (P-NM) are receiving attention due to their excellent properties, which include surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects, plasmonic resonance energy transfer (PRET), and magneto optical (MO) effects. To obtain such plasmonic properties, many nanomaterials have been developed, including metal nanoparticles (MNP), bimetallic nanoparticles (bMNP), MNP-decorated carbon nanotubes, (MNP-CNT), and MNP-modified graphene (MNP-GRP). These P-NMs may eventually be applied to optical biosensing systems due to their unique properties. Here, probe biomolecules, such as antibodies (Ab), probe DNA, and probe aptamers, were modified on the surface of plasmonic materials by chemical conjugation and thiol chemistry. The optical property change in the plasmonic nanomaterials was monitored based on the interaction between the probe biomolecules and target virus. After bioconjugation, several optical properties, including fluorescence, plasmonic absorbance, and diffraction angle, were changed to detect the target biomolecules. This review describes several P-NMs as potential candidates of optical sensing platforms and introduces various applications in the optical biosensing field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]],"date-time":"2017-10-13T11:34:09Z","timestamp":1507894449000},"page":"2332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Plasmonic Nanomaterial-Based Optical Biosensing Platforms for Virus Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7142-1724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaewook","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenshin","family":"Takemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science & Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7840-1424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enoch","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science & Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1021\/jp026731y","article-title":"The optical properties of metal nanoparticles: The influence of size, shape, and dielectric environment","volume":"107","author":"Kelly","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9932","DOI":"10.1021\/ja992128q","article-title":"Surface enhanced raman spectroscopy of individual rhodamine 6G molecules on large Ag nanocrystals","volume":"121","author":"Michaels","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15721","DOI":"10.1021\/jp8060009","article-title":"Field enhancement around metal nanoparticles and nanoshells: A systematic investigation","volume":"112","author":"Tanabe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2014.02.006","article-title":"Photogeneration of hot plasmonic electrons with metal nanocrystals: Quantum description and potential applications","volume":"9","author":"Govorov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2016.45","article-title":"Ultrafast optical switching of infrared plasmon polaritons in high-mobility graphene","volume":"10","author":"Ni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11254","article-title":"Optical nano-imaging of gate-tunable graphene plasmons","volume":"487","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1021\/ph400147y","article-title":"Graphene plasmonics: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"1","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2012.262","article-title":"Graphene plasmonics","volume":"6","author":"Grigorenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200702885","article-title":"Gold-nanoparticle-enhanced plasmonic effects in a responsive polymer gel","volume":"20","author":"Tokarev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8789","DOI":"10.1021\/la000316k","article-title":"Investigations into the electrostatically induced aggregation of Au nanoparticles","volume":"16","author":"Shipway","year":"2000","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200500828","article-title":"One-dimensional plasmon coupling by facile self-assembly of gold nanoparticles into branched chain networks","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18254","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.7b05355","article-title":"Scattering correlation spectroscopy and raman spectroscopy of thiophenol on gold nanoparticles: comparative study between nanospheres and nanourchins","volume":"121","author":"Issaad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1021\/nl1012085","article-title":"Vertically oriented sub-10-nm plasmonic nanogap arrays","volume":"10","author":"Im","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5814","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CC01207A","article-title":"Magneto-optically active magnetoplasmonic graphene","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-015-9581-0","article-title":"Environmentally friendly preparation of nanoparticle-decorated carbon nanotube or graphene hybrid structures and their potential applications","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1021\/am403943q","article-title":"Strong improvements of localized surface plasmon resonance sensitivity by using Au\/Ag bimetallic nanostructures modified with polydopamine films","volume":"6","author":"Jia","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.6b10238","article-title":"In situ fabricated Cu\u2013Ag nanoparticle-embedded polymer thin film as an efficient broad spectrum SERS substrate","volume":"121","author":"Rao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1021\/cm051911g","article-title":"Microwave-assisted single-step functionalization and in situ derivatization of carbon nanotubes with gold nanoparticles","volume":"18","author":"Raghuveer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.201402240","article-title":"Reduced graphene oxide nanosheets decorated with Au nanoparticles as an effective bactericide: Investigation of biocompatibility and leakage of sugars and proteins","volume":"79","author":"Hussain","year":"2014","journal-title":"ChemPlusChem"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1039\/C2TA00483F","article-title":"Green approach for the large-scale synthesis of metal\/metal oxide nanoparticle decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes","volume":"1","author":"Baro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-013-1091-3","article-title":"Non-toxic nanoparticles from phytochemicals: Preparation and biomedical application","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2011.09.030","article-title":"A surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy study of thin graphene sheets functionalized with gold and silver nanostructures by seed-mediated growth","volume":"50","author":"Sidorov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1021\/la204047a","article-title":"Enhanced optical properties of graphene oxide\u2013Au nanocrystal composites","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7990","DOI":"10.1021\/jp900360k","article-title":"Electrocatalytically active graphene-platinum nanocomposites. Role of 2-D carbon support in PEM fuel cells","volume":"113","author":"Seger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2011.54","article-title":"Enhanced magneto-optical effects in magnetoplasmonic crystals","volume":"6","author":"Belotelov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200700594","article-title":"Plasmonic Au\/Co\/Au nanosandwiches with enhanced magneto-optical activity","volume":"4","author":"Cebollada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.09.014","article-title":"Monodispersed Au nanoparticles decorated graphene as an enhanced sensing platform for ultrasensitive stripping voltammetric detection of mercury(II)","volume":"150","author":"Gong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.07.058","article-title":"Transdermal treatment of the surgical and burned wound skin via phytochemical-capped gold nanoparticles","volume":"135","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloid. Surf. B-Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/17458080.2011.561449","article-title":"Fabrication of large area flexible and highly transparent film by a simple Ag nanowire alignment","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.07.040","article-title":"Self-assembled magnetoplasmonic nanochain for DNA sensing","volume":"203","author":"Tran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1021\/ja2104334","article-title":"FePt Nanoparticles assembled on graphene as enhanced catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction","volume":"134","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305404","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/23\/30\/305404","article-title":"Nanoscale alloying effect of gold\u2013platinum nanoparticles as cathode catalysts on the performance of a rechargeable lithium\u2013oxygen battery","volume":"23","author":"Jun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2016.2624340","article-title":"Optical biosensors based on plasmonic nanostructures: A review","volume":"104","author":"Spackova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2016.02.007","article-title":"Recent tuberculosis diagnosis toward the end TB strategy","volume":"123","author":"Cheon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44495","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44495","article-title":"In situ self-assembly of gold nanoparticles on hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates for influenza virus-sensing platform","volume":"7","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23489","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b06924","article-title":"Plastic-chip-based magnetophoretic immunoassay for point-of-care diagnosis of tuberculosis","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.11.011","article-title":"Rapid monitoring of CFP-10 during culture of mycobacterium tuberculosis by using a magnetophoretic immunoassay","volume":"177","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27298","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b07012","article-title":"Binary nanoparticle-graphene hybrid structure-based highly sensitive biosensing platform for norovirus-like particle detection","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.02.039","article-title":"Metal enhanced fluorescence on nanoporous gold leaf-based assay platform for virus detection","volume":"58","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-016-1748-3","article-title":"Gold nanoparticle-quantum dot fluorescent nanohybrid: Application for localized surface plasmon resonance-induced molecular beacon ultrasensitive DNA detection","volume":"11","author":"Adegoke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201202148","article-title":"A review of surface plasmon resonance-enhanced photocatalysis","volume":"23","author":"Hou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1021\/nl102369k","article-title":"Multimetallic Au\/FePt3 nanoparticles as highly durable electrocatalyst","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12523","article-title":"Ultrastable silver nanoparticles","volume":"501","author":"Desireddy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab2051","article-title":"Mid-infrared plasmonic biosensing with graphene","volume":"349","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2016.04.013","article-title":"Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using analogous reducibility of phytochemicals","volume":"16","author":"Oh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16935","DOI":"10.1039\/c0jm04268d","article-title":"Small molecule induced self-assembly of Au nanoparticles","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201302405","article-title":"Self-assembly mechanism of spiky magnetoplasmonic supraparticles","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.03.046","article-title":"Localized surface plasmon resonance-mediated fluorescence signals in plasmonic nanoparticle-quantum dot hybrids for ultrasensitive Zika virus RNA detection via hairpin hybridization assays","volume":"94","author":"Adegoke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6150","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7150","article-title":"Ultrasensitive and label-free molecular-level detection enabled by light phase control in magnetoplasmonic nanoantennas","volume":"6","author":"Maccaferri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b05128","article-title":"Strong magneto-optical response of nonmagnetic organic materials coupled to plasmonic nanostructures","volume":"17","author":"Melnikau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.09.021","article-title":"A plasmon-assisted fluoro-immunoassay using gold nanoparticle-decorated carbon Nanotubes for monitoring the influenza virus","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21380","DOI":"10.1021\/am506389m","article-title":"Plasmon-induced photoluminescence immunoassay for tuberculosis monitoring using gold nanoparticles decorated graphene","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21157","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.021157","article-title":"Silver-decorated aligned CNT arrays as SERS substrates by high temperature annealing","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optics Express"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.01.073","article-title":"Sensitive DNA detection and SNP discrimination using ultrabright SERS nanorattles and magnetic beads for malaria diagnostics","volume":"81","author":"Ngo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.10.045","article-title":"Versatility of a localized surface plasmon resonance-based gold nanoparticle-alloyed quantum dot nanobiosensor for immunofluorescence detection of viruses","volume":"89","author":"Takemura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11878","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cp00186d","article-title":"\u201cCloud\u201d assemblies: Quantum dots form electrostatically bound dynamic nebulae around large gold nanoparticles","volume":"12","author":"Lilly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1869","article-title":"Exciton-plasmon interactions in molecular spring assemblies of nanowires and wavelength-based protein detection","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7439","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200501264","article-title":"Nanoparticle assemblies with molecular springs: A nanoscale thermometer","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8547","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08547","article-title":"Ultrasensitive biosensors using enhanced fano resonances in capped gold nanoslit arrays","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3161","article-title":"Fano-resonant asymmetric metamaterials for ultrasensitive spectroscopy and identification of molecular monolayers","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruan, B., Guo, J., Wu, L., Zhu, J., You, Q., Dai, X., and Xiang, Y. (2017). Ultrasensitive terahertz biosensors based on fano resonance of a graphene\/waveguide hybrid structure. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081924"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CS00644A","article-title":"Multiplex in vitro detection using SERS","volume":"45","author":"Laing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2016-0180","article-title":"Surface enhanced raman spectroscopy (SERS) for in vitro diagnostic testing at the point of care","volume":"6","author":"Marks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-9121-4","article-title":"Plasmonic SERS biosensing nanochips for DNA detection","volume":"408","author":"Ngo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2016-0174","article-title":"Fundamentals and applications of SERS-based bioanalytical sensing","volume":"6","author":"Kahraman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12168","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b02523","article-title":"Dual-mode SERS-fluorescence immunoassay using graphene quantum dot labeling on one-dimensional aligned magnetoplasmonic nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Zou","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.09.072","article-title":"A reusable laser wrapped graphene-Ag array based SERS sensor for trace detection of genomic DNA methylation","volume":"92","author":"Ouyang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"2298","article-title":"Detection of influenza virus using peroxidase-mimic of gold nanoparticles","volume":"113","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.08.101","article-title":"Size-controlled preparation of peroxidase-like graphene-gold nanoparticle hybrids for the visible detection of norovirus-like particles","volume":"87","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.05.050","article-title":"Enhanced catalytic activity of gold nanoparticle-carbon nanotube hybrids for influenza virus detection","volume":"85","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2332\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:47:10Z","timestamp":1760208430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2332"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s17102332"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17102332","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]]}}}