{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T03:09:20Z","timestamp":1773976160866,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]],"date-time":"2017-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41372320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41372320"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"\u201c111\u201d Project of Ministry of Education of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["B12012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B12012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accumulated irreversible deformation in pavement under repeated vehicle loadings will cause fatigue failure of asphalt concrete. It is necessary to monitor the mechanical response of pavement under load by using sensors. Previous studies have limitations in modulus accommodation between the sensor and asphalt pavement, and it is difficult to achieve the distributed monitoring goal. To solve these problems, a new type of low modulus distributed optical fiber sensor (DOFS) for asphalt pavement strain monitoring is fabricated. Laboratory experiments have proved the applicability and accuracy of the newly-designed sensor. This paper presents the results of the development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]],"date-time":"2017-10-19T11:07:29Z","timestamp":1508411249000},"page":"2386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["A Research on Low Modulus Distributed Fiber Optical Sensor for Pavement Material Strain Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lingjian","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083,China"}]},{"given":"Linbing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083,China"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083,China"}]},{"given":"Guannan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083,China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zhang, M. (2014). Research on the Causes and Countermeasures of Asphalt Pavement Rutting. [Master\u2019s Thesis, South China University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/14680629.2017.1329859","article-title":"A Multi-scale approach of Mode I Crack in ettringite","volume":"18","author":"Hou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Road Mater. Pavement Des."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.050","article-title":"An investigation on the aggregate-shape embedded piezoelectric sensor for civil infrastructure health monitoring","volume":"131","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00711097","article-title":"Distributed strain measurement in a rectangular plate using an array of optical fiber sensors","volume":"4","author":"Claus","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Nondestruct. Eval."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Wang, H., Zhou, Z., Li, S., Ni, Y., and Wang, G. (2011, January 6\u20139). Optical fiber based sensing system design for the health monitoring of multi-layered pavement structure. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Optical Instrument and Technology, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.904779"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2003)129:5(549)","article-title":"Analysis of fiber optic traffic sensors in flexible pavements","volume":"129","author":"Cosentino","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10298436.2011.614691","article-title":"Fiber optic sensors for assessing strains in cold in-place recycled pavements","volume":"14","author":"Loizos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K.S. (2010). Pavement roughness monitoring method using fiber optic vibration sensors. Proc. SPIE, 7647.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.848880"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liehr, S., and Krebber, K. (2009, January 5\u20139). Distributed perfluorinated POF strain sensor using otdr and OFDR techniques. Proceedings of the SPIE\u2014The International Society for Optical Engineering, Edinburgh, UK.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.835331"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X10375997","article-title":"Study on strain transfer characteristics of fiber bragg grating sensors","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"15","article-title":"The experimental study of distributed optical fiber sensor based on metal banding","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Electr. Cable Appl."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1089","article-title":"Study on FBG sensor\u2019s steel capillary encapsulating technique and sensing properties","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J. Lasers"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inaudi, D. (2001). Application of optical fiber sensor in civil structural monitoring. Proc. SPIE, 4328.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.435512"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1063\/1.92872","article-title":"Optical frequency domain reflectometry in single-mode fiber","volume":"39","author":"Eickhoff","year":"1981","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"73","article-title":"Analysis of coordination between asphalt mixture and fiber bragg grating sensor","volume":"41","author":"Tian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Harbin Inst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Liu, W., and Zhou, Z. (2014, January 9\u201313). Performance of a movable flexible pipe-encapsulated FBG sensor developed for shape monitoring of multi-layered pavement structure. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring Conference, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2045895"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8829","DOI":"10.3390\/s140508829","article-title":"Functionality enhancement of industrialized optical fiber sensors and system developed for full-scale pavement monitoring","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2011.10.003","article-title":"Optical fiber bragg grating sensor assembly for 3D strain monitoring and its case study in highway pavement","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Liu, Y.P. (2008). Development and Study of the FBG Vertical Strain Sensor Encapsulated by Rubber for Asphalt Pavement. [Ph.D. Thesis, Harbin Institute of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3788\/OPE.20142201.0024","article-title":"Influence of encapsulation structures for embedded fiber-optic bragg grating sensors on strain measurement","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10001","DOI":"10.3390\/s120810001","article-title":"Research on a novel low modulus OFBG strain sensor for pavement monitoring","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2386\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:47:54Z","timestamp":1760208474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2386"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s17102386"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17102386","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]]}}}