{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T22:18:09Z","timestamp":1779142689395,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]],"date-time":"2017-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a high electrode density and high channel count CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) active neural probe containing 1344 neuron sized recording pixels (20 \u00b5m \u00d7 20 \u00b5m) and 12 reference pixels (20 \u00b5m \u00d7 80 \u00b5m), densely packed on a 50 \u00b5m thick, 100 \u00b5m wide, and 8 mm long shank. The active electrodes or pixels consist of dedicated in-situ circuits for signal source amplification, which are directly located under each electrode. The probe supports the simultaneous recording of all 1356 electrodes with sufficient signal to noise ratio for typical neuroscience applications. For enhanced performance, further noise reduction can be achieved while using half of the electrodes (678). Both of these numbers considerably surpass the state-of-the art active neural probes in both electrode count and number of recording channels. The measured input referred noise in the action potential band is 12.4 \u00b5Vrms, while using 678 electrodes, with just 3 \u00b5W power dissipation per pixel and 45 \u00b5W per read-out channel (including data transmission).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]],"date-time":"2017-10-19T11:07:29Z","timestamp":1508411249000},"page":"2388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":173,"title":["Time Multiplexed Active Neural Probe with 1356 Parallel Recording Sites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Bogdan C.","family":"Raducanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department-ESAT, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Refet F.","family":"Yazicioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina M.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7442-8497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Ballini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Putzeys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5450-2108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandru","family":"Andrei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronique","family":"Rochus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marleen","family":"Welkenhuysen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nick van","family":"Helleputte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Puers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department-ESAT, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Kloosterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Neuro-electronics Research Flanders, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris van","family":"Hoof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department-ESAT, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8732-2691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rich\u00e1rd","family":"Fi\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter Catholic University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9941-9159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"Ulbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter Catholic University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Srinjoy","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G10 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.028","article-title":"Tools for probing local circuits: High-density silicon probes combined with optogenetics","volume":"86","author":"Stark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2013.2284347","article-title":"An Implantable 455-Active-Electrode 52-Channel CMOS Neural Probe","volume":"49","author":"Lopez","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2005.858479","article-title":"A three-dimensional neural recording microsystem with implantable data compression circuitry","volume":"40","author":"Olsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2016.2646901","article-title":"A neural probe with up to 966 electrodes and up to 384 configurable channels in 0.13 \u00b5m SOI CMOS","volume":"11","author":"Lopez","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raducanu, B.C., Yazicioglu, R.F., Lopez, C.M., Ballini, M., Putzeys, J., Wang, S., Andrei, A., Welkenhuysen, M., van Helleputte, N., and Musa, S. (2016, January 12\u201315). Time multiplexed active neural probe with 678 parallel recording sites. Proceedings of the 2016 46th European Solid-State Device Research Conference (ESSDERC), Lausanne, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ESSDERC.2016.7599667"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison, R.R. (2007, January 16\u201319). A Versatile Integrated Circuit for the Acquisition of Biopotentials. Proceedings of the IEEE 2007 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC 2007), San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CICC.2007.4405694"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y.C., Huang, P.T., Wu, S.L., Hu, Y.C., You, Y.H., Chen, M., Huang, Y.Y., Chang, H.C., Lin, Y.H., and Duann, J.R. (2016, January 22\u201325). An ultra-high-density 256-channel\/25mm2 neural sensing microsystem using TSV-embedded neural probes. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2016.7527487"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2730","article-title":"A wireless multi-channel neural amplifier for freely moving animals","volume":"14","author":"Szuts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herbawi, A.S., Larramendy, F., Galchev, T., Holzhammer, T., Mildenberger, B., Paul, O., and Ruther, P. (2015, January 21\u201325). CMOS-based neural probe with enhanced electronic depth control. Proceedings of the 2015 Transducers\u20142015 18th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS), Anchorage, AK, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/TRANSDUCERS.2015.7181277"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shandhi, M.M.H., Leber, M., Hogan, A., Bhandari, R., and Negi, S. (2015, January 21\u201325). A novel method of fabricating high channel density neural array for large neuronal mapping. Proceedings of the he 2015 Transducers\u20142015 18th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS), Anchorage, AK, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/TRANSDUCERS.2015.7181286"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.895753","article-title":"Hermes: A Continuous Neural Recording System for Freely Behaving Primates","volume":"54","author":"Santhanam","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yazicioglu, F., Lopez, C.M., Mitra, S., Raducanu, B., and Musa, S. (2014, January 26\u201330). Ultra-High-Density In-Vivo Neural Probes. Proceedings of the 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicince and Biology Society, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2014.6944015"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, J., Blanche, T.J., Harrison, R.R., Lester, H.A., and Masmanidis, S.C. (2011). Multiplexed, high density electrophysiology with nanofabricated neural probes. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026204"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2406113","article-title":"Close-packed silicon microelectrodes for scalable spatially oversampled neural recording","volume":"63","author":"Scholvin","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayed Herbawi, A., Kie\u00dfner, L., and Paul, O.R.P. (2017, January 18\u201322). High-density CMOS neural probe implementing a hierarchical addressing scheme for 1600 recording sites and 32 output channels. Proceedings of the IEEE Transducers 2017, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/TRANSDUCERS.2017.7993977"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitriadis, G., Neto, J.P., and Kampff, A.R. (2016). T-SNE visualization of large-scale neural recordings. bioRxiv, 1\u201322.","DOI":"10.1101\/087395"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.1966.4313498","article-title":"A comparison of integration and low-pass filtering","volume":"15","author":"Tavares","year":"1966","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2008.924127","article-title":"Analysis of first-order anti-aliasing integration sampler","volume":"55","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2007.908429","article-title":"Thermal impact of an active 3-D microelectrode array implanted in the brain","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2005.851387","article-title":"The flipped voltage follower: A useful cell for low-voltage low-power circuit design","volume":"52","author":"Carvajal","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2005.847523","article-title":"Impedance characterization and modeling of electrodes for biomedical applications","volume":"52","author":"Franks","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angotzi, G.N., and Berdondini, L. (2015, January 22\u201324). A low-power, low-area modular architecture for high density neural probes. Proceedings of the 2015 7th International IEEE\/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/NER.2015.7146674"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90989.2008","article-title":"Using a common average reference to improve cortical neuron recordings from microelectrode arrays","volume":"101","author":"Ludwig","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16005","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/9\/1\/016005","article-title":"A response surface model predicting the in vivo insertion behavior of micromachined neural implants","volume":"9","author":"Andrei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2014.2298860","article-title":"A 0.45 V 100-Channel Neural-Recording IC With Sub-\u03bcW\/Channel Consumption in 0.18 \u03bcm CMOS","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2012.2185338","article-title":"HermesE: A 96-channel full data rate direct neural interface in 0.13 \u03bcm CMOS","volume":"47","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Paxinos, G., and Watson, C. (2007). The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2445","article-title":"The slow (<1 Hz) rhythm of non-REM sleep: A dialogue between three cardinal oscillators","volume":"13","author":"Crunelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13274","article-title":"Laminar analysis of the slow wave activity in the somatosensory cortex of anesthetized rats","volume":"44","author":"Fiath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01065.2009","article-title":"A comparison of sleeplike slow oscillations in the hippocampus under ketamine and urethane anesthesia","volume":"104","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00318.2016","article-title":"Large-scale recording of thalamocortical circuits: In vivo electrophysiology with the two-dimensional electronic depth control silicon probe","volume":"116","author":"Wittner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1233","article-title":"Large-scale recording of neuronal ensembles","volume":"7","author":"Buzsaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00785.2013","article-title":"Large-scale, high-density (up to 512 channels) recording of local circuits in behaving animals","volume":"111","author":"Nagy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pachitariu, M., Steinmetz, N., Kadir, S., Carandini, M., and Harris, K.D. (2016). Kilosort: Realtime spike-sorting for extracellular electrophysiology with hundreds of channels. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/061481"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8699","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0971-11.2011","article-title":"Quality Metrics to Accompany Spike Sorting of Extracellular Signals","volume":"31","author":"Hill","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.09.066","article-title":"Quantitative measures of cluster quality for use in extracellular recordings","volume":"131","author":"Jackson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00103.2016","article-title":"Validating silicon polytrodes with paired juxtacellular recordings: Method and dataset","volume":"116","author":"Neto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.3.1587","article-title":"Somadendritic backpropagation of action potentials in cortical pyramidal cells of the awake rat","volume":"79","author":"Kandel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Fiath, R., Vigh, J., Marton, G., Musa, S., Andrei, A., Lopez, C., and Ulbert, I. (2016, January 21\u201322). Analysis of in vivo extracellular action potentials recorded with high channel count, high contact density silicon probes. Proceedings of the IBRO Work, Budapest, Hungary."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2388\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:47:54Z","timestamp":1760208474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s17102388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17102388","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]]}}}