{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T00:50:00Z","timestamp":1768092600720,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]],"date-time":"2017-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The underwater acoustic sensor network (UWASN) is a system that exchanges data between numerous sensor nodes deployed in the sea. The UWASN uses an underwater acoustic communication technique to exchange data. Therefore, it is important to design a robust system that will function even in severely fluctuating underwater communication conditions, along with variations in the ocean environment. In this paper, a new algorithm to find the optimal deployment positions of underwater sensor nodes is proposed. The algorithm uses the communication performance surface, which is a map showing the underwater acoustic communication performance of a targeted area. A virtual force-particle swarm optimization algorithm is then used as an optimization technique to find the optimal deployment positions of the sensor nodes, using the performance surface information to estimate the communication radii of the sensor nodes in each generation. The algorithm is evaluated by comparing simulation results between two different seasons (summer and winter) for an area located off the eastern coast of Korea as the selected targeted area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,23]],"date-time":"2017-10-23T04:32:19Z","timestamp":1508733139000},"page":"2389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Optimal Deployment of Sensor Nodes Based on Performance Surface of Underwater Acoustic Communication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5678-0929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunhyo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jee","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2005.01.004","article-title":"Underwater acoustic sensor networks: Research challenges","volume":"3","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11782","DOI":"10.3390\/s130911782","article-title":"Underwater sensor nodes and networks","volume":"13","author":"Lloret","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2009.04.002","article-title":"Self-deployment of sensors for maximized coverage in underwater acoustic sensor networks","volume":"32","author":"Akkaya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. 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