{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T06:18:58Z","timestamp":1782973138442,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]],"date-time":"2017-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In bridge health monitoring, tiltmeters have been used for measuring rotation and curvature; however, their application in dynamic parameter identification has been lacking. This study installed fiber Bragg grating (FBG) tiltmeters on the bearings of a bridge and monitored the dynamic rotational angle. The dynamic features, including natural frequencies and mode shapes, have been identified successfully. The innovation presented in this paper is the first-time use of FBG tiltmeter readings to identify the natural frequencies of a long-span steel girder bridge. The identified results have been verified using a bridge finite element model. This paper introduces a new method for the dynamic monitoring of a bridge using FBG tiltmeters. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed in the conclusion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,23]],"date-time":"2017-10-23T04:32:19Z","timestamp":1508733139000},"page":"2390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Monitoring Bridge Dynamic Responses Using Fiber Bragg Grating Tiltmeters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7244-9235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Technology and Engineering, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Hulsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921710365419","article-title":"Vibration-based damage identification methods: A review and comparative study","volume":"10","author":"Fan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2015.10.026","article-title":"Dynamic analysis of a large span specially shaped hybrid girder bridge with concrete-filled steel tube arches","volume":"106","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2013.12.017","article-title":"Dynamic testing and parameter identification of a base-isolated bridge","volume":"60","author":"Bedon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156583","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/156583","article-title":"Delamination detection of reinforced concrete decks using modal identification","volume":"2012","author":"Xing","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.12989\/sss.2009.5.4.345","article-title":"Serially multiplexed FBG accelerometer for structural health monitoring of bridges","volume":"5","author":"Talebinejad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Smart Struct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045101","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/23\/4\/045101","article-title":"Performance of a single reflective grating-based fiber optic accelerometer","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s13349-015-0114-y","article-title":"Detection of soil-abutment interaction by monitoring bridge response using vehicle excitation","volume":"5","author":"Huffman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.12989\/sem.2012.41.1.083","article-title":"Assessment of a concrete arch bridge using static and dynamic load tests","volume":"41","author":"Caglayan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Struct. Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, M., Shen, Q., Liu, Y., Ding, H., Yang, G., and Ma, Q. (July, January 30). Large-scale bridge structural health monitoring system based on smart sensor networks. Proceedings of the ICTIS 2011: Multimodal Approach to Sustained Transportation System Development: Information, Technology, Implementation, Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1061\/41177(415)119"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8377","DOI":"10.3390\/s130708377","article-title":"Development of a wireless displacement measurement system using acceleration responses","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2007.04.037","article-title":"Estimation of dynamic structural displacements using fiber Bragg grating strain sensors","volume":"305","author":"Kang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071657","article-title":"Study on Finite Element Model Updating in Highway Bridge Static Loading Test Using Spatially-Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2010.09.013","article-title":"Measurement of the dynamic displacements and of the modal frequencies of a short-span pedestrian bridge using GPS and an accelerometer","volume":"33","author":"Moschas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7326","DOI":"10.3390\/s120607326","article-title":"A vision-based dynamic rotational angle measurement system for large civil structures","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4725","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2273309","article-title":"Vision-based displacement sensor for monitoring dynamic response using robust object search algorithm","volume":"13","author":"Fukuda","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10803","DOI":"10.3390\/s101210803","article-title":"Evaluation of high-precision sensors in structural monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Erol","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923934","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1923934","article-title":"Rotational angle measurement of bridge support using image processing techniques","volume":"2016","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Dong, Y., Song, R., and Liu, H. (2010). Bridges Structural Health Monitoring and Deterioration Detection-Synthesis of Knowledge and Technology, Alaska University Transportation Center. Final Report."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Li, X., Xia, R., Yang, J., and Zhang, H. (2017). Health Monitoring and Evaluation of Long-Span Bridges Based on Sensing and Data Analysis: A Survey. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030603"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2015.09.002","article-title":"Reference free method for real time monitoring of bridge deflections","volume":"103","author":"Helmi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3141\/2408-11","article-title":"Measuring Displacement of Tall Concrete Columns During Construction: Jeremiah Morrow Bridge, Interstate 71, Lebanon, Ohio","volume":"2408","author":"Norouzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000250","article-title":"Seven-year field monitoring of four integral abutment bridges","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Perform. Constr. Facil."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.2020","article-title":"Fiber optic health monitoring and temperature behavior of bridge in cold region","volume":"24","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"FBG KOREA, Inc. (2017, August 24). FBG Tiltmeter. Available online: http:\/\/www.fbg.co.kr\/eng\/bbs\/board.php?bo_table=fbgp04&wr_id=1."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"103","article-title":"Fiber optic sensors for structural health monitoring of civil infrastructure systems","volume":"4","author":"Ansari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit. Civ. Infrastruct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652329","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/652329","article-title":"Structural health monitoring of civil infrastructure using optical fiber sensing technology: A comprehensive review","volume":"2014","author":"Ye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Alan, V.O., Ronald, W.S., and John, R. (1999). Discrete-Time Signal Processing, Prentice Hall. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2007.11.028","article-title":"On the HHT, its problems, and some solutions","volume":"22","author":"Rato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1998.0193","article-title":"The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis","volume":"454","author":"Huang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2011.11.025","article-title":"Modal identification of Shanghai World Financial Center both from free and ambient vibration response","volume":"36","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2013.10.020","article-title":"Analytical mode decomposition with Hilbert transform for modal parameter identification of buildings under ambient vibration","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2004.04.003","article-title":"Modal parameter identification of Tsing Ma suspension bridge under Typhoon Victor: EMD-HT method","volume":"92","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2390\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:47:55Z","timestamp":1760208475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2390"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s17102390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17102390","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]]}}}