{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T12:06:40Z","timestamp":1768738000382,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]],"date-time":"2017-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61535005 and 61475069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61535005 and 61475069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Major Projects","award":["2017YFA0303700 and 2017YFC1403803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFA0303700 and 2017YFC1403803"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Here, we report a fiber-optic point-based sensor to measure temperature and weight based on correlated specklegrams induced by spatial multimode interference. The device is realized simply by splicing a multimode fiber (MMF) to a single-mode fiber (SMF) with a core offset. A series of experiments demonstrates the approximately linear relation between the correlation coefficient and variation. Furthermore, we show the potential applications of the refractive index sensing of our device by disconnecting the splicing point of MMF and SMF. A modification of the algorithm in order to improve the sensitivity of the sensor is also discussed at the end of the paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]],"date-time":"2017-10-24T10:39:18Z","timestamp":1508841558000},"page":"2429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Fiber-Optic Point-Based Sensor Using Specklegram Measurement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jiao-Jiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}]},{"given":"Shao-Cheng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}]},{"given":"Ya-Ping","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}]},{"given":"Yan-Qing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2010.2079924","article-title":"Fiber In-Line Mach\u2013Zehnder Interferometer Embedded in FBG for Simultaneous Refractive Index and Temperature Measurement","volume":"22","author":"Liao","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14936","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.014936","article-title":"Hybrid LPFG\/MEFPI sensor for simultaneous measurement of high-temperature and strain","volume":"15","author":"Rao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2013.2241421","article-title":"Fabry\u2013P\u00e9rot Interferometer Sensor Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser for Hydrogen Sensing","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.56.001585","article-title":"Optical fiber specklegram sensor analysis by speckle pattern division","volume":"56","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4468","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.30.004468","article-title":"Sensing with fiber specklegrams","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4685","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.32.004685","article-title":"Submicrometer displacement sensing using inner-product multimode fiber speckle fields","volume":"32","author":"Francis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1117\/12.188329","article-title":"Fiber vibration sensor that uses the speckle contrast ratio","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/3\/2\/007","article-title":"Simultaneous single-fiber active vibration sensing and impact detection for large space structures","volume":"3","author":"Fuhr","year":"1993","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.27.003085","article-title":"Multimode fiber-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer and its use in temperature measurement","volume":"27","author":"Okamoto","year":"1988","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujiwara, E., Paula, F.D., and Wu, Y.T. (2016, January 28\u201330). Optical fiber tactile sensor for user interfaces. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Consumer Electronics, Sao Paulo, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCE.2016.7797400"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Fujiwara, E., Wu, Y.T., and Santos, M.F.M. (October, January 28). Identification of hand postures by force myography using an optical fiber specklegram sensor. Proceedings of the International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors, International Society for Optics and Photonics, Curitiba, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.33.002125","article-title":"Measurement of temperature using speckle shearing interferometry","volume":"33","author":"Shakher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.20.001824","article-title":"Use of electronic speckle pattern interferometry for temperature distribution measurements through liquids","volume":"20","author":"Dupont","year":"1995","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2014.06.006","article-title":"Optical temperature sensor using speckle field","volume":"216","author":"Trivedi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varyshchuk, V., and Bobitski, Y. (2016, January 23\u201326). An experimental study of utilizing multimode polymer fiber for load detection. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Modern Problems of Radio Engineering, Telecommunications and Computer Science, Lviv-Slavske, Ukraine.","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSET.2016.7452069"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.36.002197","article-title":"Fiber refractometer based on a fiber Bragg grating and single-mode-multimode-single-mode fiber structure","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2298511","article-title":"Optical Fiber Laser Salinity Sensor Based on Multimode Interference Effect","volume":"14","author":"Meng","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4308","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.004308","article-title":"Polymer optical fiber for large strain measurement based on multimode interference","volume":"37","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1634","article-title":"Expanded single-mode fiber using graded-index multimode fiber","volume":"43","author":"Chanclou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02328699","article-title":"High-temperature deformation measurements using digital-image correlation","volume":"36","author":"Lyons","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp. Mech."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodman, J.W. (1975). Statistical properties of laser speckle patterns. Laser Speckle and Related Phenomena, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0111436"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.7.000827","article-title":"Three-dimensional correlation coefficient of speckle intensity for rectangular and circular apertures","volume":"7","author":"Leushacke","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2012.2227310","article-title":"Speckle-based optical sensor for low field Faraday rotation measurement","volume":"13","author":"Anand","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3384","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.003384","article-title":"Using a multimode fiber as a high-resolution, low-loss spectrometer","volume":"37","author":"Redding","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2429\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:48:15Z","timestamp":1760208495000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2429"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s17102429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17102429","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]]}}}