{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T19:59:57Z","timestamp":1760385597547,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]],"date-time":"2017-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We measured the three-axis ground reaction force (GRF) distribution during straight walking. Small three-axis force sensors composed of rubber and sensor chips were fabricated and calibrated. After sensor calibration, 16 force sensors were attached to the left shoe. The three-axis force distribution during straight walking was measured, and the local features of the three-axis force under the sole of the shoe were analyzed. The heel area played a role in receiving the braking force, the base area of the fourth and fifth toes applied little vertical or shear force, the base area of the second and third toes generated a portion of the propulsive force and received a large vertical force, and the base area of the big toe helped move the body\u2019s center of mass to the other foot. The results demonstrate that measuring the three-axis GRF distribution is useful for a detailed analysis of bipedal locomotion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]],"date-time":"2017-10-24T10:39:18Z","timestamp":1508841558000},"page":"2431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Three-Axis Ground Reaction Force Distribution during Straight Walking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Masataka","family":"Hori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan"}]},{"given":"Akihito","family":"Nakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan"}]},{"given":"Isao","family":"Shimoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090590409","article-title":"A Cinematic Study of the Distribution of Pressure in the Human Foot","volume":"59","author":"Elftman","year":"1934","journal-title":"Anat. 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