{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T23:03:31Z","timestamp":1770678211529,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,26]],"date-time":"2017-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HE5150\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HE5150\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FR713\/10-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FR713\/10-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Embedded channel waveguide Bragg gratings are fabricated in the Ormocer\u00ae hybrid polymers OrmoComp\u00ae, OrmoCore, and OrmoClad by employing a single writing step technique based on phase mask technology and KrF excimer laser irradiation. All waveguide Bragg gratings exhibit well-defined reflection peaks within the telecom wavelengths range with peak heights of up to 35 dB and \u22123 dB-bandwidths of down to 95 pm. Furthermore, the dependency of the fabricated embedded channel waveguide Bragg gratings on changes of the temperature and relative humidity are investigated. Here, we found that the Bragg grating in OrmoComp\u00ae is significantly influenced by humidity variations, while the Bragg gratings in OrmoCore and OrmoClad exhibit linear and considerably high temperature sensitivities of up to \u2212250 pm\/      \u2218      C and a linear dependency on the relative humidity in the range of \u22129 pm\/%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,26]],"date-time":"2017-10-26T06:48:14Z","timestamp":1509000494000},"page":"2459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Waveguide Bragg Gratings in Ormocer\u00aes for Temperature Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Maiko","family":"Girschikofsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Laser and Photonics Group, University of Applied Sciences Aschaffenburg, 63743 Aschaffenburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Rosenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Laser and Photonics Group, University of Applied Sciences Aschaffenburg, 63743 Aschaffenburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"F\u00f6rthner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Electron Devices, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1141-3228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathias","family":"Rommel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Systems and Device Technology (IISB) Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Lothar","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Electron Devices, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Systems and Device Technology (IISB) Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Hellmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Laser and Photonics Group, University of Applied Sciences Aschaffenburg, 63743 Aschaffenburg, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cusano, A., Cutolo, A., and Albert, J. (2011). Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors: Research Advancements, Industrial Applications and Market Exploitation, Bentham Science Publishers.","DOI":"10.2174\/97816080508401110101"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1109\/50.618320","article-title":"Fiber Bragg grating technology fundamentals and overview","volume":"15","author":"Hill","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1148392","article-title":"Fiber Bragg gratings","volume":"68","author":"Othonos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1117\/12.963022","article-title":"Fiber optic Bragg grating sensors","volume":"1169","author":"Morey","year":"1989","journal-title":"Fiber Opt. Laser Sens. VII"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-8166(99)00025-1","article-title":"Recent progress in applications of in-fibre Bragg grating sensors","volume":"31","author":"Rao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.077A.046","article-title":"The effect of temperature and pressure on the refractive index of some oxide glasses","volume":"77A","author":"Waxler","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S1068-5200(02)00527-8","article-title":"Review of the present status of optical fiber sensors","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34528-9_67","article-title":"Temperature and Strain Characteristic Analysis of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor","volume":"Volume 210","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Information Technology and Software Engineering"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2005.860046","article-title":"An embedded FBG sensor for simultaneous measurement of stress and temperature","volume":"18","author":"Jin","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20000452","article-title":"Simultaneous pressure and temperature measurement with polymer-coated fibre Bragg grating","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2010.0879","article-title":"Optical fibre temperature and humidity sensor","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2010.7347","article-title":"Optical fibre Bragg grating recorded in TOPAS cyclic olefin copolymer","volume":"47","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2014.10.040","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of planar Bragg gratings in TOPAS polymer substrates","volume":"221","author":"Rosenberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2004.11.007","article-title":"UV-laser assisted fabrication of Bragg sensor components in a planar polymer chip","volume":"120","author":"Wochnowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008755607488","article-title":"ORMOCER\u00aes for Optical Interconnection Technology","volume":"20","author":"Buestrich","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-0286(00)00009-7","article-title":"Synthesis, properties and applications of inorganic-organic copolymers (ORMOCER\u00aes)","volume":"4","author":"Haas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22563","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.022563","article-title":"Fabrication of Bragg gratings in planar PMMA: Impact of UV dosage and thermal annealing","volume":"24","author":"Rosenberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2014.2330656","article-title":"Humidity-Induced Effects on Polymer Planar Bragg Gratings","volume":"26","author":"Rosenberger","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92004","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/26\/9\/092004","article-title":"Fibre Bragg grating sensors in polymer optical fibres","volume":"26","author":"Webb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2012). Processing Guidelines\u2014OrmoComp, 2012-11-5, Micro Resist Technology."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2012). Processing Guidelines\u2014OrmoCore and OrmoClad, 2012-11-23, Micro Resist Technology."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/11\/2459\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:48:32Z","timestamp":1760208512000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/11\/2459"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,26]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s17112459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17112459","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,26]]}}}