{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:16:22Z","timestamp":1760242582874,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,27]],"date-time":"2017-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61673116","61304260","61622307","61703105","61703106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61673116","61304260","61622307","61703105","61703106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China","award":["2017J01500","2014J05072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017J01500","2014J05072"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China","award":["LY18F030013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY18F030013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In wireless sensor and actor networks, when an event is detected, the sensor node needs to transmit an event report to inform the actor. Since the actor moves in the network to execute missions, its location is always unavailable to the sensor nodes. A popular solution is the search strategy that can forward the data to a node without its location information. However, most existing works have not considered the mobility of the node, and thus generate significant energy consumption or transmission delay. In this paper, we propose the trail-based search (TS) strategy that takes advantage of actor\u2019s mobility to improve the search efficiency. The main idea of TS is that, when the actor moves in the network, it can leave its trail composed of continuous footprints. The search packet with the event report is transmitted in the network to search the actor or its footprints. Once an effective footprint is discovered, the packet will be forwarded along the trail until it is received by the actor. Moreover, we derive the condition to guarantee the trail connectivity, and propose the redundancy reduction scheme based on TS (TS-R) to reduce nontrivial transmission redundancy that is generated by the trail. The theoretical and numerical analysis is provided to prove the efficiency of TS. Compared with the well-known expanding ring search (ERS), TS significantly reduces the energy consumption and search delay.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,27]],"date-time":"2017-10-27T11:33:28Z","timestamp":1509104008000},"page":"2468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Trail-Based Search for Efficient Event Report to Mobile Actors in Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhezhuang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanglun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haotian","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Information Network Laboratory (WINLAB), Rutgers University, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feilong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics, Physics and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2004.04.003","article-title":"Wireless sensor and actor networks: Research challenges","volume":"2","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2013.SUP.0513007","article-title":"EMD: Energy-efficient P2P message dissemination in delay-tolerant wireless sensor and actor networks","volume":"31","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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