{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:23:55Z","timestamp":1777915435327,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,28]],"date-time":"2017-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p> In May 2017, a two-day workshop was held in Los Angeles (California, U.S.A.) to gather practitioners who work with low-cost sensors used to make air quality measurements. The community of practice included individuals from academia, industry, non-profit groups, community-based organizations, and regulatory agencies. The group gathered to share knowledge developed from a variety of pilot projects in hopes of advancing the collective knowledge about how best to use low-cost air quality sensors. Panel discussion topics included: (1) best practices for deployment and calibration of low-cost sensor systems, (2) data standardization efforts and database design, (3) advances in sensor calibration, data management, and data analysis and visualization, and (4) lessons learned from research\/community partnerships to encourage purposeful use of sensors and create change\/action. Panel discussions summarized knowledge advances and project successes while also highlighting the questions, unresolved issues, and technological limitations that still remain within the low-cost air quality sensor arena.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,30]],"date-time":"2017-10-30T12:16:23Z","timestamp":1509365783000},"page":"2478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":190,"title":["Low-Cost Air Quality Monitoring Tools: From Research to Practice (A Workshop Summary)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0764-5584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Clements","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA"}]},{"given":"William G.","family":"Griswold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}]},{"given":"Abhijit","family":"RS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Chief Scientist, Environmental Defense Fund, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA"}]},{"given":"Jill E.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}]},{"given":"Megan M.","family":"Herting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Thorson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Collier-Oxandale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hannigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(1975). Ambient Air Monitoring Reference and Equivalent Methods, 40 CFR Part 53."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11369","DOI":"10.1021\/es4022602","article-title":"The Changing Paradigm of Air Pollution Monitoring","volume":"47","author":"Snyder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hagler, G., Solomon, P.A., and Hunt, S.W. (2014). New Technology for Low-Cost, Real-Time Air Monitoring. EM: Air and Waste Management Association\u2019s Magazine for Environmental Managers, Air & Waste Management Association."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Arfire, A., Marjovi, A., and Martinoli, A. (2016, January 15\u201317). Mitigating Slow Dynamics of Low-Cost Chemical Sensors for Mobile Air Quality Monitoring Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks, Graz, Austria."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.12.045","article-title":"Characteristics and applications of small, portable gaseous air pollution monitors","volume":"223","author":"McKercher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FD00201J","article-title":"Evaluating the performance of low cost chemical sensors for air pollution research","volume":"189","author":"Lewis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Faraday Discuss."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-3325-2014","article-title":"The next generation of low-cost personal air quality sensors for quantitative exposure monitoring","volume":"7","author":"Piedrahita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of electrochemical sensors for measurement of air pollution: Correcting interference response and validating measurements","volume":"2017","author":"Cross","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.09.050","article-title":"Assessment of air quality microsensors versus reference methods: The EuNetAir joint exercise","volume":"147","author":"Borrego","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5281","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-5281-2016","article-title":"Community Air Sensor Network (CAIRSENSE) project: Evaluation of low-cost sensor performance in a suburban environment in the southeastern United States","volume":"9","author":"Jiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.03.031","article-title":"Field calibration of a cluster of low-cost available sensors for air quality monitoring. Part A: Ozone and nitrogen dioxide","volume":"215","author":"Spinelle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.07.036","article-title":"Field calibration of a cluster of low-cost commercially available sensors for air quality monitoring. Part B: NO, CO and CO2","volume":"238","author":"Spinelle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Griswold, W., Hannigan, M., Rosing, T., Dasgupta, S., Patrick, K., Menarini, M., Chan, C., Vikram, S., Dhanaraj, R., and Collier, A. (2015, January 16\u201317). MetaSense: Calibration of Personal Air Quality Sensors in the Field. Proceedings of the NSF Cyber-Physical Systems Principal Investigators\u2019 Meeting, Arlington, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2017, October 20). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Air Sensor Toolbox for Citizen Scientists, Researchers and Developers, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/air-sensor-toolbox."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2017, October 20). South Coast Air Quality Management District Air Quality Sensor Performance Evaluation Center (AQ-SPEC), Available online: http:\/\/www.aqmd.gov\/aq-spec\/."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"147","article-title":"Integrating Sensor Monitoring Technology into the Current Air Pollution Regulatory Support Paradigm: Practical Considerations","volume":"4","author":"Hall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Williams, R., Kilaru, V.J., Snyder, E.G., Kaufman, A., Dye, T., Rutter, A., Russell, A., and Hafner, H. (2014). Air Sensor Guidebook."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Spinelle, L., Aleixandre, M., and Gerboles, M. (2013). Protocol of Evaluation and Calibratoin of Low-Cost Gas Sensors for the Monitoring of Air Pollution, European Commission Joint Research Centre. EUR 26112 EN."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.08.676","article-title":"Performance evaluation of amperometric sensors for the monitoring of O3 and NO2 in ambient air at ppb level","volume":"120","author":"Spinelle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2015.1100710","article-title":"Laboratory Evaluation and Calibration of Three Low-Cost Particle Sensors for Particulate Matter Measurement","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Austin, E., Novosselov, I., Seto, E., and Yost, M.G. (2015). Laboratory Evaluation of the Shinyei PPD42NS Low-Cost Particulate Matter Sensor. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141928"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duvall, R.M., Long, R.W., Beaver, M.R., Kronmiller, K.G., Wheeler, M.L., and Szykman, J.J. (2016). Performance Evaluation and Community Application of Low-Cost Sensors for Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16101698"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.11.002","article-title":"Evaluation and calibration of Aeroqual series 500 portable gas sensors for accurate measurement of ambient ozone and nitrogen dioxide","volume":"100","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2016.08.010","article-title":"Laboratory assessment of low-cost PM monitors","volume":"102","author":"Manikonda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2016.11.010","article-title":"Evaluation of new low-cost particle monitors for PM2.5 concentrations measurements","volume":"105","author":"Zikova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of a low-cost optical particle counter (Alphasense OPC-N2) for ambient air monitoring","volume":"2017","author":"Crilley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Williams, R., Kaufman, A., Hanley, T., Rice, J., and Garvey, S. (2014). Evaluation of Field-deployed Low Cost PM Sensors."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.08.035","article-title":"On the use of small and cheaper sensors and devices for indicative citizen-based monitoring of respirable particulate matter","volume":"206","author":"Bartonova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.12.007","article-title":"Can commercial low-cost sensor platforms contribute to air quality monitoring and exposure estimates?","volume":"99","author":"Castell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2017, October 20). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Air Sensor Toolbox: Evaluation of Emerging Air Pollution Sensor Performance, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/air-sensor-toolbox\/evaluation-emerging-air-pollution-sensor-performance."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27283","DOI":"10.3390\/s151027283","article-title":"Quantification Method for Electrolytic Sensors in Long-Term Monitoring of Ambient Air Quality","volume":"15","author":"Masson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.03.038","article-title":"Dynamic neural network architectures for on field stochastic calibration of indicative low cost air quality sensing systems","volume":"231","author":"Esposito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13449","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-13449-2016","article-title":"The BErkeley Atmospheric CO2 Observation Network: Initial evaluation","volume":"16","author":"Shusterman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.09.059","article-title":"On the feasibility of measuring urban air pollution by wireless distributed sensor networks","volume":"502","author":"Moltchanov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, L., Wong, K.C., Wei, P., Ye, S., Huang, H., Yang, F.H., Westerdahl, D., Louie, P.K.K., Luk, C.W.Y., and Ning, Z. (2016). Development and Application of a Next Generation Air Sensor Network for the Hong Kong Marathon 2015 Air Quality Monitoring. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16020211"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.02.008","article-title":"Gas sensor network for air-pollution monitoring","volume":"110","author":"Tsujita","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.01.013","article-title":"A distributed network of low-cost continuous reading sensors to measure spatiotemporal variations of PM2.5 in Xi\u2019an, China","volume":"199","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1089\/env.2016.0044","article-title":"A Citizen Science and Government Collaboration: Developing Tools to Facilitate Community Air Monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Kaufman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Justice"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2017, October 20). Environmental Defense Fund Air Sensor Workgroup: Community-Driven Standards and Infrastructure for Air Quality Data. Available online: https:\/\/www.edf.org\/health\/air-sensor-workgroup."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6999","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00891","article-title":"High-Resolution Air Pollution Mapping with Google Street View Cars: Exploiting Big Data","volume":"51","author":"Apte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s13253-009-0004-z","article-title":"A Spatio-Temporal Downscaler for Output From Numerical Models","volume":"15","author":"Berrocal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma, N., Zappi, P., and Rosing, T. (2011, January 6\u20139). Latent variables based data estimation for sensing applications. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing, Adelaide, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSNIP.2011.6146590"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Nikzad, N., Verma, N., Ziftci, C., Bales, E., Quick, N., Zappi, P., Patrick, K., Dasgupta, S., Krueger, I., and Rosing, T.\u0160. (2012, January 22\u201325). Citisense: Improving geospatial environmental assessment of air quality using a wireless personal exposure monitoring system. Proceedings of the Conference on Wireless Health, La Jolla, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500336","article-title":"Comparing exposure metrics in the relationship between PM2.5 and birth weight in California","volume":"14","author":"Basu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500388","article-title":"A review and evaluation of intraurban air pollution exposure models","volume":"15","author":"Jerrett","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"54","article-title":"Environmental justice, science and public health","volume":"113","author":"Wing","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"265","article-title":"Thinking scientifically during participation in a citizen-science project","volume":"84","author":"Trumbull","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.03.012","article-title":"Development of local knowledge of environmental contamination in Sydney, Nova Scotia: Environmental health practice from an environmental justice perspective","volume":"368","author":"Lambert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Main, D.S., Ware, G., Iwasaki, P.G., Burry, M., Steiner, E., Fedde, K., and Haverhals, L.M. (2012). Taking Neighborhood Health to Heart (TNH2H): Building a community-based participatory data system. Prev. Chronic Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd9.110058"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2003.12.001","article-title":"Risk perception research: Socio-cultural perspectives on the public experience of air pollution","volume":"30","author":"Bickerstaff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.19.1.173","article-title":"Review of community-based research: Assessing partnership approaches to improve public health","volume":"19","author":"Israel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Sadd, J., Shamasunder, B., Osborn, B., Steva, E., Martinez, A., Garcia, Y., Meszaros, A.J., and Prichard, M. (2015). Drilling Down: The Community Consequenes of Expanded Oil Development in Los Angeles, Liberty Hill Foundation."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Sahagun, L. (Los Angeles Times, 2014). South L.A.\u2019s Allenco fined $99,000 over toxic emissions, Los Angeles Times."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Comite Civico del Valle, I. (2017). IVAN Imperial: Welcome to IVAN, Comite Civico del Valle, Inc."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Comite Civico del Valle, I. (2017, October 20). IVAN Imperial: Air Monitoring Q&A. Available online: https:\/\/www.ivan-imperial.org\/resources\/airfaqs."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"California Department of Public Health, P.H.I. (2017, October 20). California Environmental Health Tracking Program: Improving Public Health with Better Information. Available online: http:\/\/www.cehtp.org\/page\/main."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.165720","article-title":"Linking Science and Policy Through Community-Based Participatory Research to Study and Address Health Disparities","volume":"100","author":"Minkler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Cole, L.W., and Foster, S.R. (2001). From the Ground up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement, NYU Press."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-001-0013-3","article-title":"Environmental Justice, Local Knowledge, and Risk: The Discourse of a Community-Based Cumulative Exposure Assessment","volume":"29","author":"Corburn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1","article-title":"Closing the gap on lower cost air quality monitoring: Machine learning calibration models to improve low-cost sensor performance","volume":"2017","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/11\/2478\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:48:45Z","timestamp":1760208525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/11\/2478"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,28]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s17112478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17112478","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,28]]}}}