{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T13:57:21Z","timestamp":1760709441365,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]],"date-time":"2017-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A minimalistic optical sensing device for the indoor localization is proposed to estimate the relative position between the sensor and active markers using amplitude modulated infrared light. The innovative insect-based sensor can measure azimuth and elevation angles with respect to two small and cheap active infrared light emitting diodes (LEDs) flickering at two different frequencies. In comparison to a previous lensless visual sensor that we proposed for proximal localization (less than 30 cm), we implemented: (i) a minimalistic sensor in terms of small size (10 cm     3    ), light weight (6 g) and low power consumption (0.4 W); (ii) an Arduino-compatible demodulator for fast analog signal processing requiring low computational resources; and (iii) an indoor positioning system for a mobile robotic application. Our results confirmed that the proposed sensor was able to estimate the position at a distance of 2 m with an accuracy as small as 2-cm at a sampling frequency of 100 Hz. Our sensor can be also suitable to be implemented in a position feedback loop for indoor robotic applications in GPS-denied environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]],"date-time":"2017-11-03T04:43:13Z","timestamp":1509684193000},"page":"2518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Local Positioning System Using Flickering Infrared LEDs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Thibaut","family":"Raharijaona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille 13009 , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodolphe","family":"Mawonou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille 13009 , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thanh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille 13009 , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabien","family":"Colonnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille 13009 , France"},{"name":"Temasek Labs, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Boyron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille 13009 , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Diperi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille 13009 , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Viollet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille 13009 , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bahl, P., and Padmanabhan, V.N. (2000, January 26\u201330). RADAR: An in-building RF-based user location and tracking system. Proceedings of the INFOCOM 2000 Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, Tel Aviv, Israel."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raja, A.K., and Pang, Z. (2016, January 14\u201317). High accuracy indoor localization for robot-based fine-grain inspection of smart buildings. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2016.7475076"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Kj\u00e6rgaard, M.B. (2007, January 20\u201321). A taxonomy for radio location fingerprinting. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Location-and Context-Awareness, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reinke, C., and Beinschob, P. (2013, January 5\u20137). 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