{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T08:54:17Z","timestamp":1768985657028,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,10]],"date-time":"2017-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Environmental and sustainable economical concerns are generating a growing interest in biofuels predominantly produced from biomass. It would be ideal if an energy conversion device could directly extract energy from a sustainable energy resource such as biomass. Unfortunately, up to now, such a direct conversion device produces insufficient power to meet the demand of practical applications. To realize the future of biofuel-fed fuel cells as a green energy conversion device, efforts have been devoted to the development of carbon-based nanomaterials with tunable electronic and surface characteristics to act as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts and\/or as supporting matrix for metal-based electrocatalysts. We present here a mini review on the recent advances in carbon-based catalysts for each type of biofuel-fed\/biofuel cells that directly\/indirectly extract energy from biomass resources, and discuss the challenges and perspectives in this developing field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,10]],"date-time":"2017-11-10T11:12:26Z","timestamp":1510312346000},"page":"2587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Biomass-Based Fuel-Fed Fuel Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3601-3076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le","family":"Hoa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin 12205, Germany"}]},{"given":"Mun\u2019delanji","family":"Vestergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan"}]},{"given":"Eiichi","family":"Tamiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demirbas, A. 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