{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T19:12:57Z","timestamp":1775243577605,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]],"date-time":"2017-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"program for increasing competitiveness and with financial support from the Program for Organization of Research  of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University","award":["20.4986.2017\/6.7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20.4986.2017\/6.7"]}]},{"name":"state task of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia","award":["3.6121.2017\/8.9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3.6121.2017\/8.9"]}]},{"name":"Russian Federation state task project","award":["0389-2014-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0389-2014-0002"]}]},{"name":"RFBR grant","award":["16-08-00609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16-08-00609"]}]},{"name":"ELKARTEK grant of the Basque Country Government","award":["KK-2016\/00030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK-2016\/00030"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Present day biomedical applications, including magnetic biosensing, demand better understanding of the interactions between living systems and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). In this work spherical MNPs of maghemite were obtained by a highly productive laser target evaporation technique. XRD analysis confirmed the inverse spinel structure of the MNPs (space group Fd-3m). The ensemble obeyed a lognormal size distribution with the median value 26.8 nm and dispersion 0.362. Stabilized water-based suspensions were fabricated using electrostatic or steric stabilization by the natural polymer chitosan. The encapsulation of the MNPs by chitosan makes them resistant to the unfavorable factors for colloidal stability typically present in physiological conditions such as pH and high ionic force. Controlled amounts of suspensions were used for in vitro experiments with human blood mononuclear leukocytes (HBMLs) in order to study their morphofunctional response. For sake of comparison the results obtained in the present study were analyzed together with our previous results of the study of similar suspensions with human mesenchymal stem cells. Suspensions with and without chitosan enhanced the secretion of cytokines by a 24-h culture of HBMLs compared to a control without MNPs. At a dose of 2.3, the MTD of chitosan promotes the stimulating effect of MNPs on cells. In the dose range of MNPs 10\u20131000 MTD, chitosan \u201cinhibits\u201d cellular secretory activity compared to MNPs without chitosan. Both suspensions did not caused cell death by necrosis, hence, the secretion of cytokines is due to the enhancement of the functional activity of HBMLs. Increased accumulation of MNP with chitosan in the cell fraction at 100 MTD for 24 h exposure, may be due to fixation of chitosan on the outer membrane of HBMLs. The discussed results can be used for an addressed design of cell delivery\/removal incorporating multiple activities because of cell capability to avoid phagocytosis by immune cells. They are also promising for the field of biosensor development for the detection of magnetic labels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]],"date-time":"2017-11-13T11:12:36Z","timestamp":1510571556000},"page":"2605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Water-Based Suspensions of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Electrostatic or Steric Stabilization by Chitosan: Fabrication, Characterization and Biocompatibility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3712-1637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galina","family":"Kurlyandskaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Electricidad y Electr\u00f3nica and BCMaterials, Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco UPV-EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5231-6910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larisa","family":"Litvinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology and Cell Biotechnology, I. Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad 23601, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Safronov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Electrophysics, Ural Division RAS, Ekaterinburg 620016, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Schupletsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology and Cell Biotechnology, I. Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad 23601, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Tyukova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Khaziakhmatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology and Cell Biotechnology, I. Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad 23601, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Galina","family":"Slepchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Yurova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology and Cell Biotechnology, I. Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad 23601, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Cherempey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Kulesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Research Facilities (SGIKER), Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco UPV-EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Beketov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrophysics, Ural Division RAS, Ekaterinburg 620016, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3465-8452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Khlusov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology and Cell Biotechnology, I. Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad 23601, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Physics, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R182","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/36\/13\/202","article-title":"The preparation of magnetic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicine","volume":"36","author":"Tartaj","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224002","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/42\/22\/224002","article-title":"Progress in the preparation of magnetic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicine","volume":"42","author":"Roca","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193702","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4921224","article-title":"Giant magnetoimpedance biosensor for ferrogel detection: Model system to evaluate properties of natural tissue","volume":"106","author":"Kurlyandskaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sezer, A.D. (2012). Magnetic nanoparticles: Synthesis, surface modification and application. Recent Advances in Novel Drug Carrier Systems, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/2889"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2015.11.044","article-title":"Specific absorption rate determination of magnetic nanoparticles through hyperthermia measurements in non-adiabatic conditions","volume":"415","author":"Coisson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2017.06.073","article-title":"Magnetoimpedance biosensor prototype for ferrogel detection","volume":"441","author":"Kurlyandskaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.1106","article-title":"Status of hyperthermia in the treatment of advanced liver cancer","volume":"77","author":"Moroz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Morrison, I.D., and Ross, S. (2002). Colloidal Dispersions: Suspensions, Emulsions and Foams, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(98)00037-2","article-title":"A biosensor based on magnetoresistance technology","volume":"13","author":"Baselt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2006.05.041","article-title":"Advanced materials for drug delivery and biosensorsbased on magnetic label detection","volume":"27","author":"Kurlyandskaya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.11.026","article-title":"Optimum conditions for lipase immobilization on chitosan-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles","volume":"87","author":"Kuo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2016.07.056","article-title":"Nanoparticles for magnetic biosensing systems","volume":"431","author":"Kurlyandskaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips, G.O., and Williams, P.A. (2009). Chitin and chitosan hydrogels. Handbook of Hydrocolloids, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845695873"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10438-005-0002-z","article-title":"Chitosan-dased polyelectrolyte complexes: A review","volume":"41","author":"Varlamov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"854","article-title":"Chitosan polyelectrolyte complexes: Formations, properties and applications","volume":"77","author":"Krayuhina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Uspekhi Khimii"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spizzo, F., Sgarbossa, P., Sieni, E., Semenzato, A., Dughiero, F., Forzan, M., Bertani, R., and Del Bianco, L. (2017). Synthesis of ferrofluids made of iron oxide nanoflowers: Interplay between carrier fluid and magnetic properties. Nanomaterials, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano7110373"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2010.01.008","article-title":"Preparation of Fe3O4\u2014Chitosan nanoparticles used for hypothermia","volume":"21","author":"Qu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6017","DOI":"10.1021\/cr030441b","article-title":"Chitosan chemistry and pharmaceutical perspectives","volume":"104","author":"Muzzarelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1134\/S0965545X14040178","article-title":"Electrostatic and steric mechanisms of iron oxide nanoparticle sol stabilization by chitosan","volume":"56","author":"Tyukova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Sci. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2014.11.016","article-title":"Magnetic nanoparticles for biophysical applications synthesized by high-power physical dispersion","volume":"383","author":"Safronov","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022154","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4730405","article-title":"Iron oxide nanoparticles fabricated by electric explosion of wire: Focus on magnetic nanofluids","volume":"2","author":"Beketov","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52135","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4808368","article-title":"Spherical magnetic nanoparticles fabricated by laser target evaporation","volume":"3","author":"Safronov","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2016.01.093","article-title":"Water based suspensions of iron oxide obtained by laser target evaporation for biomedical applications","volume":"415","author":"Novoselova","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889869006558","article-title":"A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures","volume":"2","author":"Rietveld","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proche.2015.10.057","article-title":"The study of iron-based nanoparticles stability in biological fluids by stripping voltammetry","volume":"15","author":"Dubova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2008.11.009","article-title":"Recent trends in total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for biological applications","volume":"633","author":"Szoboszlai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2011.06.002","article-title":"Possibilities and limitations of the total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of low Z elements in biological samples","volume":"99","author":"Szoboszlai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2016.01.095","article-title":"Total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy as a tool for evaluation of iron concentration in ferrofluids and yeast samples","volume":"415","author":"Kulesh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearson, W.B. (1958). Handbook of Lattice Spacing Structures of Metals and Alloys, Pergamon Press.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3062734"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"O\u2019Handley, R.C. (1972). Modern Magnetic Materials, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubinstein, M., and Colby, R.H. (2003). Polymer Physics, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198520597.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2006.06.001","article-title":"Chitin and Chitosan: Properties and Applications","volume":"31","author":"Rinaudo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1134\/S0965545X12060107","article-title":"Chitosan and its hydrophobic derivatives: Preparation and aggregation in dilute aqueous solution","volume":"54","author":"Philippova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polym. Sci. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1021\/bm9012138","article-title":"Continuum of structural organization from chitosan solutions to derived physical forms","volume":"11","author":"Alcouffe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosmulski, M. (2001). Chemical Properties of Material Surfaces, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780367800482"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10044","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.24.10044","article-title":"CD4 and CD8 Molecules can Physically Associate with the same T-cell Receptor","volume":"86","author":"Gallagher","year":"1989","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-9-74","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor I promotes cord blood T cell maturation through monocytes and inhibits their apoptosis in part through interleukin-6","volume":"9","author":"Law","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.140.7.2171","article-title":"Loss of CD45R and gain of UCHL1 reactivity is a feature of primed T cells","volume":"140","author":"Akbar","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalaf, H., Jass, J., and Olsson, P.E. (2010). Differential cytokine regulation by NF-kappaB and AP-1 in Jurkat T-cells. BMC Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-11-26"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-008-0026-5","article-title":"Colony-forming activity of unipotent hemopoietic precursors under the effect of nanosized ferrites in a constant magnetic field in vitro","volume":"145","author":"Khlusov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6945","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201303287","article-title":"Magnetically engineered microcapsules as intracellular anchors for remote control over cellular mobility","volume":"25","author":"Pavlov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9686","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR01261A","article-title":"Improved and targeted delivery of bioactive molecules to cells with magnetic layer-by-layer assembled microcapsules","volume":"7","author":"Pavlov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blyakhman, F.A., Safronov, A.P., Zubarev, A.Y., Shklyar, T.F., Makeyev, O.G., Makarova, E.B., Melekhin, V.V., Larra\u00f1aga, A., and Kurlyandskaya, G.V. (2017). Polyacrylamide ferrogels with embedded maghemite nanoparticles for biomedical engineering. Results Phys.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2017.09.042"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1063\/PT.3.1678","article-title":"Nanotechnology in cancer medicine","volume":"65","author":"Grossman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Today"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/11\/2605\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:49:17Z","timestamp":1760208557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/11\/2605"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s17112605"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17112605","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]]}}}