{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T14:49:07Z","timestamp":1776782947959,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,15]],"date-time":"2017-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a new low complexity angle of arrival (AOA) method for signal direction estimation in multi-element smart wireless communication systems. The new method estimates the AOAs of the received signals directly from the received signals with significantly reduced complexity since it does not need to construct the correlation matrix, invert the matrix or apply eigen-decomposition, which are computationally expensive. A mathematical model of the proposed method is illustrated and then verified using extensive computer simulations. Both linear and circular sensors arrays are studied using various numerical examples. The method is systematically compared with other common and recently introduced AOA methods over a wide range of scenarios. The simulated results show that the new method has several advantages in terms of reduced complexity and improved accuracy under the assumptions of correlated signals and limited numbers of snapshots.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,15]],"date-time":"2017-11-15T11:13:35Z","timestamp":1510744415000},"page":"2631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["A New Low Complexity Angle of Arrival Algorithm for 1D and 2D Direction Estimation in MIMO Smart Antenna Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Al-Sadoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK"},{"name":"Department of Communication and Informatics Engineering, Basra University College of Science and Technology, Basra 61004, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2991-9451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4102-432X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousf","family":"Dama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Najah National University, Omar Ibn Al-Khattab St., 44859 Nablus, Palestine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulkareim","family":"Zuid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK"},{"name":"Department of Communication and Informatics Engineering, Basra University College of Science and Technology, Basra 61004, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2972-9965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raed","family":"Abd-Alhameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Noras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2503640","article-title":"Localization of Passive UHF RFID Tags Using the AoAct Transmitter Beamforming Technique","volume":"16","author":"Cremer","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. 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