{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T17:58:17Z","timestamp":1772647097103,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,16]],"date-time":"2017-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Interprofesional del Aceite de Oliva Espa\u00f1ol organisation","award":["Research Project 12013018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Project 12013018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy was used for the non-destructive assessment of physico-chemical quality parameters in olive oil. At the same time, the influence of the sample presentation mode (spinning versus static cup) was evaluated using two spectrophotometers with similar optical characteristics. A total of 478 olive oil samples were used to develop calibration models, testing various spectral signal pre-treatments. The models obtained by applying MPLS regression to spectroscopic data yielded promising results for olive oil quality measurements, particularly for acidity, the peroxide index and alkyl and ethyl ester content. The results obtained indicate that this non-invasive technology can be used successfully by the olive oil sector to categorize olive oils, to detect potential fraud and to provide consumers with more reliable information. Although both sample presentation modes yielded comparable results, equations constructed with samples scanned using the spinning mode provided greater predictive capacity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,16]],"date-time":"2017-11-16T11:10:02Z","timestamp":1510830602000},"page":"2642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Fast, Low-Cost and Non-Destructive Physico-Chemical Analysis of Virgin Olive Oils Using Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Garrido-Varo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda-Teresa","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda-Jos\u00e9","family":"De la Haba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Dolores","family":"P\u00e9rez-Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2013.09.007","article-title":"Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of virgin olive oils in relation to cultivar, extraction system and storage conditions","volume":"54","author":"Taamalli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/1438-9312(200210)104:9\/10<587::AID-EJLT587>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Influence of olive processing on virgin olive oil quality","volume":"104","author":"Sestili","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"International Olive Council (2017, July 24). Trade Standard Applying to Olive Oils and Olive-Pomace Oils. Available online: www.internationaloliveoil.org\/documents\/viewfile\/9708-norma-english."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Official Journal of the European Union (OJEU) (2015). Commission Delegated Regulation (EU). 2015\/1830 of 8 July 2015 amending Regulation (EEC) No 2568\/91 on the characteristics of olive oil and olive-residue oil and on the relevant methods of analysis. Off. J., L266, 9\u201313."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Herrera, B., and Carpio-Due\u00f1as, A. (2008). La Cata de Aceites: Aceite de Oliva Virgen. Caracter\u00edsticas Organol\u00e9pticas y An\u00e1lisis Sensorial (Sensory Panel Analysis of Oils: Virgin Olive Oil. Organoleptic characteristics and Sensory Evaluation), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n y Formaci\u00f3n Agraria y Pesquera, Consejer\u00eda de Agricultura y Pesca, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6740","DOI":"10.1021\/jf801131b","article-title":"Alkyl esters of fatty acids a useful tool to detect soft deodorized olive oils","volume":"56","author":"Cert","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"487","article-title":"Applications in fats and oils","volume":"Volume 667","author":"Roberts","year":"2004","journal-title":"Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Agriculture"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2016.01.025","article-title":"Review: Chemometric applications to assess quality and critical parameters of virgin and extra-virgin olive oil","volume":"913","author":"Maggio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Davies, A.M.C., and Giangiacomo, R. (2000). The feasibility of near infrared spectroscopy for olive oil quality control. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy, NIR Publications."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"European Union (1991). Commission Regulation (EEC). No 2568\/91 of 11 July 1991 on the characteristics of olive oil and olive-residue oil and on the relevant methods of analysis. OJ L, 248, 1\u201383."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1255\/jnirs.1106","article-title":"Review: Near infrared spectroscopy for analyzing olive oils","volume":"22","author":"Casale","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Near Infrared Spec."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Shenk, J.S., and Westerhaus, M.O. (1995). Analysis of Agriculture and Food Products by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy, NIRSystems, Inc.. Monograph."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-004-0986-4","article-title":"Rapid evaluation of olive oil quality by NIR reflectance spectroscopy","volume":"81","author":"Mailer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390802606790","article-title":"The use of Near-Infrared Spectrometry in the olive oil industry","volume":"50","author":"Armenta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8056","DOI":"10.1021\/jf4021575","article-title":"Rapid determination of olive oil oxidative stability and its major quality parameters using VIS\/NIR transmittance spectroscopy","volume":"61","author":"Moreda","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Gertz, C. (2013). Rapid assessment of quality parameters in olive oil using FTNIR and conventional standard methods. Authentification of Olive Oil Workshop, European Commission. Available online: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/agriculture\/events\/2013\/olive-oil-workshop\/proceedings_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2012.10.029","article-title":"Evaluation of minor components, sensory characteristics and quality of virgin olive oil by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy","volume":"50","author":"Fregapane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1255\/jnirs.597","article-title":"Comparison of Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy partial least square regression models for South African extra virgin olive oil using spectra collected on two spectrophotometers at different resolution and path lengths","volume":"14","author":"Manley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Near Infrared Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Official Journal of the European Union (ODUE) (2013). Commission Implementing Regulation (EU). No 1348\/2013 of 16 December 2013 amending Regulation (EEC). No. 2568\/91 on the characteristics of olive oil and olive-residue oil and on the relevant methods of analysis. OJ L, 338, 31\u201367."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Ministerio de la Presidencia (1977). M\u00e9todos Oficiales de An\u00e1lisis de Aceites y Grasas, Cereales y Derivados, Productos L\u00e1cteos y Productos Derivados de la Uva (Spanish Official Analytical Methods for Oils and Fats, Cereals, Dairy Products and Enological Products), Ministerio de la Presidencia. (In Spanish)."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"International Standard Organization (2017, October 21). ISO 663:2007, Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils\u2014Determination of Insoluble Impurities Content. Available online: http:\/\/www.iso.org\/iso\/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=44014."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Infrasoft International (2000). The Complete Software Solution Using a Single Screen for Routine Analysis, Robust Calibrations and Networking; Manual, FOSS NIRSystems\/TECATOR, Infrasoft International."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci1991.0011183X003100060034x","article-title":"Population structuring of near infrared spectra and modified partial least squares regression","volume":"31","author":"Shenk","year":"1991","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1366\/0003702894202201","article-title":"Standard Normal Variate Transformation and De-trending of near infrared diffuse reflectance spectra","volume":"43","author":"Barnes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Shenk, J.S., and Westerhaus, M.O. (1995). Routine Operation, Calibration, Development and Network System Management Manual, NIRSystems, Inc."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Davies, A.M.C., and Williams, P.C. (1996). Calibration the ISI way. Near Infrared Spectroscopy: The Future Waves: Proceedings of the 7th Intern Ational Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy, NIR Publications."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Williams, P.C., and Norris, K.H. (2001). Implementation of near-infrared technology. Near-Infrared Technology in the Agricultural and Food Industries, AACC, Inc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1255\/nirn.378","article-title":"Comparing standard deviations","volume":"7","author":"Fearn","year":"1996","journal-title":"NIR News"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1255\/nirn.1153","article-title":"Comparing standard deviations (continued)","volume":"20","author":"Fearn","year":"2009","journal-title":"NIR News"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Naes, T., Isaksson, T., Fearn, T., and Davies, A. (2002). A User-Friendly Guide to Multivariate Calibration and Classification, NIR Publications."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"96","article-title":"Protocol for NIRS calibration: sample selection and equation development and validation","volume":"Volume 643","author":"Martens","year":"1989","journal-title":"Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS): Analysis of Forage Quality"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burns, D.A., and Ciurczac, E.W. (2001). Application of NIR spectroscopy to agricultural products. Handbook of near Infrared Analysis, Marcel Dekker. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003042204"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Murray, I., and Cowe, I.A. (1992). Making light work: Lighting new frontiers. Making Light Work: Advances in Near Infrared Spectroscopy, VCH."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Batten, G.D., Flinn, P.C., Welsh, L., and Blakeney, A.B. (1995). Quality analysis and purity examination of edible vegetable oils by near infrared transmittance spectroscopy. Leaping Ahead with Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Royal Australian Chemistry Institute. NIR Spectroscopy Group."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"32","article-title":"The overuse of R2","volume":"25","author":"Fearn","year":"2014","journal-title":"NIR News"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1255\/nirn.1165","article-title":"Some considerations about NIR spectroscopy: Closing speech at NIR-2009","volume":"21","author":"Dardenne","year":"2010","journal-title":"NIR News"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1255\/nirn.1462","article-title":"The RPD myth","volume":"5","author":"Esbensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"NIR News"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2007.06.028","article-title":"Determination of edible oil parameters by near infrared spectrometry","volume":"596","author":"Armenta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2007.02.004","article-title":"Chemometric utilities to achieve robustness in liquid NIRS calibrations: Application to pig fat analysis","volume":"87","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Burns, D.A., and Ciurczac, E.W. (2001). Indicator variables. How they may save time and money in NIRS analysis. Handbook of near Infrared Analysis, Marcel Dekker. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"16937","article-title":"Impact of packaging material and storage time on olive oil quality","volume":"10","author":"Dabbou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Wan, P.J. (1991). Properties of fats and oils. Introduction to Fats and Oils Technology, AOAC Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-997-0068-2","article-title":"Explorative spectrometric evaluations of frying oil deterioration","volume":"74","author":"Engelsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Civantos, L., Contreras-Carazo, R.J., and Grana-Gil, R.M. (2008). Obtenci\u00f3n del Aceite de Oliva Virgen (Virgin Olive Oil Extraction), Agricola Espanola. (In Spanish)."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"European Union (2011). Commission Regulation (EU). No 61\/2011 of 24 January 2011 amending Regulation (EEC). No 2568\/91 on the characteristics of olive oil and olive-residue oil and on the relevant methods of analysis. OJ L, 23, 1\u201314."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1255\/nirn.689","article-title":"Assessing calibrations: SEP, RPD, RER and R2","volume":"13","author":"Fearn","year":"2002","journal-title":"NIR News"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2004.11.103","article-title":"Using optical NIR sensor for on-line virgin olive oils characterization","volume":"107","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Osborne, B.G., Fearn, T., and Hindle, P. (1993). Practical NIR Spectroscopy with Applications in Food and Beverage Analysis, Longman Scientific and Technical."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/11\/2642\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:49:48Z","timestamp":1760208588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/11\/2642"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,16]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s17112642"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17112642","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,16]]}}}