{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T03:05:09Z","timestamp":1777518309242,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The most important advantage of voltage dividers over traditional voltage transformers is that voltage dividers do not have an iron core with non-linear hysteresis characteristics. The voltage dividers have a linear behavior with respect to over-voltages and a flat frequency response larger frequency range. The weak point of a voltage divider is the influence of external high-voltage (HV) and earth parts in its vicinity. Electrical fields arising from high voltages in neighboring phases and from ground conductors and structures are one of their main sources for systematic measurement errors. This paper describes a shielding voltage divider for a 24 kV medium voltage network insulated in SF6 composed of two resistive-capacitive dividers, one integrated within the other, achieving a flat frequency response up to 10 kHz for ratio error and up to 5 kHz for phase displacement error. The metal shielding improves its immunity against electric and magnetic fields. The characterization performed on the built-in voltage sensor shows an accuracy class of 0.2 for a frequency range from 20 Hz to 5 kHz and a class of 0.5 for 1 Hz up to 20 Hz. A low temperature effect is also achieved for operation conditions of MV power grids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T12:00:20Z","timestamp":1510920020000},"page":"2657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Design and Characterization of a Prototype Wideband Voltage Sensor Based on a Resistive Divider"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Fernando","family":"Garnacho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central Oficial de Electrotecnia (LCOE), Fundaci\u00f3n para el Fomento de la Innovaci\u00f3n Industrial (FFII), c\/Eric Kandel, 1, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abderrahim","family":"Khamlichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central Oficial de Electrotecnia (LCOE), Fundaci\u00f3n para el Fomento de la Innovaci\u00f3n Industrial (FFII), c\/Eric Kandel, 1, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Rovira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central Oficial de Electrotecnia (LCOE), Fundaci\u00f3n para el Fomento de la Innovaci\u00f3n Industrial (FFII), c\/Eric Kandel, 1, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Electrotechnical Commission (2007). IEC 61869-1 Instrument Transformers\u2014Part 1: General Requirements, IEC."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"International Electrotechnical Commission (2011). IEC 61869-3 Additional Requirements for Inductive Voltage Transformers, IEC."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"International Electrotechnical Commission (2010). IEC 60060-2 High Voltage Test Techniques\u2014Part 2 Measuring Techniques, IEC."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"International Electrotechnical Commission (1992). IEC 61000 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), IEC."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"EN 50160 European Standard (1999). Voltage Characteristics in Public Distribution Systems-Voltage Disturbances, CENELEC."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klatt, M., Meyer, J., Elst, M., and Schegner, P. (2010, January 26\u201329). Frequency Responses of MV voltage transformers in the range of 50 Hz to 10 kHz. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), Bergamo, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHQP.2010.5625484"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Seljeseth, H., Saethre, E.A., Ohnstad, T., and Lien, I. (1998, January 14\u201316). Voltage transformer frequency response. Measuring harmonics in Norwegian 300 kV and 132 kV power systems. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, Athens, Greece."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Kunde, K., D\u00e4umling, H., Huth, R., Schlierf, H.W., and Schmid, J. (2017, November 17). Frequency Response of Instrument Transformers in the kHz Range. Available online: http:\/\/www.trench.at\/content\/download\/1604\/14169\/file\/Frequency%20Response%20of%20Instrument%20Transformers%20in%20the%20kHz%20range.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2017.2652638","article-title":"Frequency response of MV voltage transformer under actual waveforms","volume":"66","author":"Crotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"International Electrotechnical Commission (1999). IEC 60044-7 Instrument Transformers\u2014Part 7: Electronic Voltage Transformers. Additional Requirements for Electronic Voltage Transformers, IEC."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Hlavacek, J., Draxler, K., and Styblikova, R. (2015, January 23\u201328). 20 kV AC Divider with ratio correction. Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Pilsen, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7621","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2726116","article-title":"Frequency compliance of MV voltage sensors for smart grid application","volume":"17","author":"Crotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/11\/2657\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:50:05Z","timestamp":1760208605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/11\/2657"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s17112657"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17112657","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]]}}}