{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T21:53:32Z","timestamp":1768341212358,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]],"date-time":"2017-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Manual measurements of foot anthropometry can lead to errors since this task involves the experience of the specialist who performs them, resulting in different subjective measures from the same footprint. Moreover, some of the diagnoses that are given to classify a footprint deformity are based on a qualitative interpretation by the physician; there is no quantitative interpretation of the footprint. The importance of providing a correct and accurate diagnosis lies in the need to ensure that an appropriate treatment is provided for the improvement of the patient without risking his or her health. Therefore, this article presents a smart sensor that integrates the capture of the footprint, a low computational-cost analysis of the image and the interpretation of the results through a quantitative evaluation. The smart sensor implemented required the use of a camera (Logitech C920) connected to a Raspberry Pi 3, where a graphical interface was made for the capture and processing of the image, and it was adapted to a podoscope conventionally used by specialists such as orthopedist, physiotherapists and podiatrists. The footprint diagnosis smart sensor (FPDSS) has proven to be robust to different types of deformity, precise, sensitive and correlated in 0.99 with the measurements from the digitalized image of the ink mat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]],"date-time":"2017-11-22T10:47:38Z","timestamp":1511347658000},"page":"2700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Low Computational-Cost Footprint Deformities Diagnosis Sensor through Angles, Dimensions Analysis and Image Processing Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Maestre-Rendon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Ingenier\u00eda Biom\u00e9dica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Sinaloa, Carretera Municipal Libre Mazatl\u00e1n Higueras km 3, Col. Genaro Estrada, Mazatl\u00e1n Sin. 82199, Mexico"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Technology, Polythecnic University of Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarc\u00f3n, Madrid 28223, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4072-3495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomas","family":"Rivera-Roman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Ingenier\u00eda Biom\u00e9dica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Sinaloa, Carretera Municipal Libre Mazatl\u00e1n Higueras km 3, Col. Genaro Estrada, Mazatl\u00e1n Sin. 82199, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Sierra-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica, Divisi\u00f3n de Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Carretera Salamanca-Valle de Santiago km 3.5 + 1.8, Comunidad de Palo Blanco, Salamanca Gto. C.P. 36885, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5197-2059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Cruz-Aceves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONACYT, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Matem\u00e1ticas (CIMAT), A.C., Jalisco S\/N, Col. Valenciana, Guanajuato Gto. 36000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Contreras-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CA Ingenier\u00eda de Biosistemas, Divisi\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Cerro de las campanas S\/N, Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro Qro. 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5496-8533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Duarte-Galvan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias F\u00edsico-Matem\u00e1ticas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa, Av. De las Am\u00e9ricas y Blvd. Universitarios, Cd. Universitaria, Culiac\u00e1n Sin. 80000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Fernandez-Jaramillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Ingenier\u00eda Biom\u00e9dica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Sinaloa, Carretera Municipal Libre Mazatl\u00e1n Higueras km 3, Col. Genaro Estrada, Mazatl\u00e1n Sin. 82199, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2007.0456","article-title":"Describing the medial longitudinal arch using footprint indices and a clinical grading system","volume":"28","author":"Queen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Interobserver errors in anthropometry","volume":"28","author":"Kouchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hum. 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