{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:16:17Z","timestamp":1760242577798,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,25]],"date-time":"2017-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41704022","61773202","61601228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41704022","61773202","61601228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20170780","BK20161021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20170780","BK20161021"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS2017043","NJ20160015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS2017043","NJ20160015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing number of vehicles in modern cities brings the problem of increasing crashes. One of the applications or services of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) conceived to improve safety and reduce congestion is collision avoidance. This safety critical application requires sub-meter level vehicle state estimation accuracy with very high integrity, continuity and availability, to detect an impending collision and issue a warning or intervene in the case that the warning is not heeded. Because of the challenging city environment, to date there is no approved method capable of delivering this high level of performance in vehicle state estimation. In particular, the current Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based collision avoidance systems have the major limitation that the real-time accuracy of dynamic state estimation deteriorates during abrupt acceleration and deceleration situations, compromising the integrity of collision avoidance. Therefore, to provide the Required Navigation Performance (RNP) for collision avoidance, this paper proposes a novel Particle Filter (PF) based model for the integration or fusion of real-time kinematic (RTK) GNSS position solutions with electronic compass and road segment data used in conjunction with an Autoregressive (AR) motion model. The real-time vehicle state estimates are used together with distance based collision avoidance algorithms to predict potential collisions. The algorithms are tested by simulation and in the field representing a low density urban environment. The results show that the proposed algorithm meets the horizontal positioning accuracy requirement for collision avoidance and is superior to positioning accuracy of GNSS only, traditional Constant Velocity (CV) and Constant Acceleration (CA) based motion models, with a significant improvement in the prediction accuracy of potential collision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]],"date-time":"2017-11-27T11:07:08Z","timestamp":1511780828000},"page":"2724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["GNSS\/Electronic Compass\/Road Segment Information Fusion for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Collision Avoidance Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2252-9944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dabin","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Washington","family":"Ochieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"},{"name":"Centre for Transport Studies, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,25]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"National Center for Statistics and Analysis (2016). 2015 Motor Vehicle Crashes: Overview.","key":"ref_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araki, H., Yamada, K., Hiroshima, Y., and Ito, T. 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