{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T17:14:31Z","timestamp":1776446071608,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,26]],"date-time":"2017-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronary artery disease and its related complications pose great threats to human health. In this work, we aim to clinically evaluate a CMOS field-effect biomolecular sensor for cardiac biomarkers, cardiac-specific troponin-I (cTnI), N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The CMOS biosensor is implemented via a standard commercialized 0.35 \u03bcm CMOS process. To validate the sensing characteristics, in buffer conditions, the developed CMOS biosensor has identified the detection limits of IL-6, cTnI, and NT-proBNP as being 45 pM, 32 pM, and 32 pM, respectively. In clinical serum conditions, furthermore, the developed CMOS biosensor performs a good correlation with an enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) obtained from a hospital central laboratory. Based on this work, the CMOS field-effect biosensor poses good potential for accomplishing the needs of a point-of-care testing (POCT) system for heart disease diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]],"date-time":"2017-11-27T11:07:08Z","timestamp":1511780828000},"page":"2733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Pre-Clinical Tests of an Integrated CMOS Biomolecular Sensor for Cardiac Diseases Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jen-Kuang","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10048, Taiwan"},{"name":"Telehealth Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10048, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10048, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6756-2193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I-Shun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0369-3124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Hsien","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei 24301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9890-6449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yih-Fan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Insisute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2569-805X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nien-Tsu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Ting","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31820a55f5","article-title":"Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States: A policy statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"123","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000006","article-title":"Inflammation in coronary artery disease","volume":"22","author":"Christodoulidis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiol. 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