{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T19:41:10Z","timestamp":1783021270965,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]],"date-time":"2017-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["256401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["256401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An all-fiber curvature laser sensor by using a novel modal interference in-fiber structure is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The in-fiber device, fabricated by fusion splicing of multimode fiber and double-clad fiber segments, is used as wavelength filter as well as the sensing element. By including a multimode fiber in an ordinary modal interference structure based on a double-clad fiber, the fringe visibility of the filter transmission spectrum is significantly increased. By using the modal interferometer as a curvature sensitive wavelength filter within a ring cavity erbium-doped fiber laser, the spectral quality factor Q is considerably increased. The results demonstrate the reliability of the proposed curvature laser sensor with advantages of robustness, ease of fabrication, low cost, repeatability on the fabrication process and simple operation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]],"date-time":"2017-11-28T11:23:50Z","timestamp":1511868230000},"page":"2744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["All-Fiber Laser Curvature Sensor Using an In-Fiber Modal Interferometer Based on a Double Clad Fiber and a Multimode Fiber Structure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5047-9660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Tamayo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CONACYT\u2014FCFM, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Av. Universidad S\/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza, Nuevo Le\u00f3n 66455, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Dur\u00e1n-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONACYT\u2014Optics department, Instituto Nacional de Astrof\u00edsica, \u00d3ptica y Electr\u00f3nica, L. E. Erro 1, Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla 72824, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Prieto-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FCFM, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Av. Universidad S\/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza, Nuevo Le\u00f3n 66455, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Salceda-Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FCFM, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Av. Universidad S\/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza, Nuevo Le\u00f3n 66455, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Castillo-Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FCFM, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Av. Universidad S\/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza, Nuevo Le\u00f3n 66455, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romeo","family":"Selvas-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FCFM, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Av. Universidad S\/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza, Nuevo Le\u00f3n 66455, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baldemar","family":"Ibarra-Escamilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrof\u00edsica, \u00d3ptica y Electr\u00f3nica, L. E. Erro 1, Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla 72824, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeny","family":"Kuzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrof\u00edsica, \u00d3ptica y Electr\u00f3nica, L. E. Erro 1, Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla 72824, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2017.02.008","article-title":"Erbium-doped fiber ring laser based on few-mode-single-mode-few-mode fiber structure for refractive index measurement","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2016.12.029","article-title":"Multimode interference-based fiber sensor in a cavity ring-down system for refractive index measurement","volume":"91","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2011.2123885","article-title":"In-fiber Mach\u2013Zehnder interferometer based on double cladding fibers for refractive index sensor","volume":"11","author":"Pang","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2013.09.036","article-title":"Highly sensitive curvature sensor based on single-mode fiber using core-offset splicing","volume":"57","author":"Mao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2014.07.036","article-title":"Curvature sensor based on two cascading abrupt-tapers modal interferometer in single mode fiber","volume":"333","author":"Niu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2011.2123086","article-title":"All-fiber curvature sensor based on multimode interference","volume":"23","author":"Gong","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2016.2517666","article-title":"Fiber ring cavity laser based on modal interference for curvature sensing","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11369","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.16.011369","article-title":"High temperature fiber sensor with high sensitivity based on core diameter mismatch","volume":"6","author":"Nguyen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"6801608","article-title":"Strain sensor based on fiber ring cavity laser with photonic crystal fiber in-line Mach\u2013Zehnder interferometer","volume":"6","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2003.815338","article-title":"Multimode interference based fiber-optic displacement sensor","volume":"15","author":"Mehta","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2016.06.006","article-title":"Intensity-modulated abrupt tapered fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer for the simultaneous sensing of temperature and curvature","volume":"86","author":"Raji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2017.01.024","article-title":"In-fiber modal interferometer for simultaneous measurement of curvature and temperature based on hollow core fiber","volume":"92","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.11.112","article-title":"A fiber ring cavity laser sensor for refractive index and temperature measurement with core-offset modal interferometer as tunable filter","volume":"242","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2016.2574943","article-title":"Fiber-optic laser sensor based on all-fiber multipath Mach\u2013Zehnder interferometer","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2012.08.005","article-title":"Characteristics of bend sensor based on two-notch Mach-Zehnder fiber interferometer","volume":"18","author":"Miao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huerta-Mascotte, E., Sierra-Hernandez, J.M., Mata-Chavez, R.I., Jauregui-Vazquez, D., Castillo-Guzman, A., Estudillo-Ayala, J.M., Guzman-Chavez, A.D., and Rojas-Laguna, R. (2016). A core-offset Mach Zehnder interferometer based on a non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber and its torsion sensing application. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16060856"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55105","DOI":"10.1088\/1054-660X\/23\/5\/055105","article-title":"A tunable multi-wavelength laser based on a Mach\u2013Zehnder interferometer with photonic crystal fiber","volume":"23","year":"2013","journal-title":"Laser Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1070\/QE2013v043n06ABEH014971","article-title":"Transmission spectra of a double-clad fibre structure under bending","volume":"43","author":"Zlodeev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55102","DOI":"10.1088\/1555-6611\/aa6851","article-title":"In-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on a Nd-doped double-clad fiber for switchable single and dual-wavelength EDF laser operation","volume":"27","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laser Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2009.06.051","article-title":"Fibre-optic interferometer formed by a section of small-core fibre spliced between standard fibres","volume":"282","author":"Ivanov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1134\/S1054660X09210026","article-title":"Switchable multi-wavelength fiber ring laser based on a compact in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer with photonic crystal fiber","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Laser Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2004.824379","article-title":"Wavelength tunable fiber lens based on multimode interference","volume":"22","author":"Mohammed","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91119","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2344835","article-title":"Fiber-optic temperature sensor based on interference of selective high-order modes","volume":"89","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.36.000558","article-title":"Intensity measurement bend sensors based on periodically tapered soft glass fibers","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/12\/2744\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:51:35Z","timestamp":1760208695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/12\/2744"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s17122744"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17122744","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]]}}}