{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T17:40:34Z","timestamp":1779903634345,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,2]],"date-time":"2017-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014\/05033-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/05033-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013\/50426-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/50426-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Academy of Finland &quot;Unmanned Airborne Vehicle-based 4D Remote Sensing for Mapping Rain Forest Biodiversity and Its Change in Brazil&quot;","award":["292941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["292941"]}]},{"name":"Academy of Finland &quot;\u201cUnmanned Airborne Vehicle-based 4D Remote Sensing for Mapping Rain Forest Biodiversity and Its Change in Brazil&quot;","award":["273806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["273806"]}]},{"name":"Academy of Finland \u201cCentre of Excellence in Laser Scanning Research&quot;","award":["307362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307362"]}]},{"name":"Academy of Finland &quot;New laser and spectral field methods for in situ and raw material investigations&quot;","award":["292648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["292648"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a practical application of a technique that uses a vertical optical flow with a fisheye camera to generate dense point clouds from a single planimetric station. Accurate data can be extracted to enable the measurement of tree trunks or branches. The images that are collected with this technique can be oriented in photogrammetric software (using fisheye models) and used to generate dense point clouds, provided that some constraints on the camera positions are adopted. A set of images was captured in a forest plot in the experiments. Weighted geometric constraints were imposed in the photogrammetric software to calculate the image orientation, perform dense image matching, and accurately generate a 3D point cloud. The tree trunks in the scenes were reconstructed and mapped in a local reference system. The accuracy assessment was based on differences between measured and estimated trunk diameters at different heights. Trunk sections from an image-based point cloud were also compared to the corresponding sections that were extracted from a dense terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) point cloud. Cylindrical fitting of the trunk sections allowed the assessment of the accuracies of the trunk geometric shapes in both clouds. The average difference between the cylinders that were fitted to the photogrammetric cloud and those to the TLS cloud was less than 1 cm, which indicates the potential of the proposed technique. The point densities that were obtained with vertical optical scanning were 1\/3 less than those that were obtained with TLS. However, the point density can be improved by using higher resolution cameras.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]],"date-time":"2017-12-04T11:16:38Z","timestamp":1512386198000},"page":"2791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Vertical Optical Scanning with Panoramic Vision for Tree Trunk Reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Adilson","family":"Berveglieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartography, S\u00e3o Paulo State University UNESP, 305, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0483-1103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Tommaselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartography, S\u00e3o Paulo State University UNESP, 305, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinlian","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute FGI, National Land Survey of Finland, 00521 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Laser Scanning Research, Academy of Finland, 02430 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7236-2145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eija","family":"Honkavaara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute FGI, National Land Survey of Finland, 00521 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2161613","article-title":"Automatic Stem Mapping Using Single-Scan Terrestrial Laser Scanning","volume":"50","author":"Liang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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