{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T11:03:53Z","timestamp":1781607833519,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,7]],"date-time":"2017-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFF0106404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFF0106404"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51675160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51675160"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Key Basic Research Project of Applied Basic Research Programs supported by Hebei Province","award":["15961701D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15961701D"]}]},{"name":"the Research Project for High-level Talents in Hebei University","award":["GCC2014049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCC2014049"]}]},{"name":"the Talents Project Training Funds in Hebei Province","award":["A201500503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A201500503"]}]},{"name":"\u201cInnovative and Entrepreneurial Talent\u201d Project Supported by Jiangsu Province"},{"name":"European Horizon 2020 through the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Fellowship Scheme","award":["707466-3DRM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["707466-3DRM"]}]},{"name":"the UK\u2019s Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) funding of Future Advanced Metrology Hub","award":["EP\/P006930\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/P006930\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The fast development in the fields of integrated circuits, photovoltaics, the automobile industry, advanced manufacturing, and astronomy have led to the importance and necessity of quickly and accurately obtaining three-dimensional (3D) shape data of specular surfaces for quality control and function evaluation. Owing to the advantages of a large dynamic range, non-contact operation, full-field and fast acquisition, high accuracy, and automatic data processing, phase-measuring deflectometry (PMD, also called fringe reflection profilometry) has been widely studied and applied in many fields. Phase information coded in the reflected fringe patterns relates to the local slope and height of the measured specular objects. The 3D shape is obtained by integrating the local gradient data or directly calculating the depth data from the phase information. We present a review of the relevant techniques regarding classical PMD. The improved PMD technique is then used to measure specular objects having discontinuous and\/or isolated surfaces. Some influential factors on the measured results are presented. The challenges and future research directions are discussed to further advance PMD techniques. Finally, the application fields of PMD are briefly introduced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,7]],"date-time":"2017-12-07T11:49:10Z","timestamp":1512647350000},"page":"2835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Three-Dimensional Shape Measurements of Specular Objects Using Phase-Measuring Deflectometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6645-6647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zonghua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China"},{"name":"Centre for Precision Technologies, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuemin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Precision Technologies, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caixia","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3835-6929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Precision Technologies, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangqian","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Precision Technologies, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1117\/1.602438","article-title":"Overview of three-dimensional shape measurement using optical methods","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Opt. 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