{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:16:38Z","timestamp":1760242598583,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,7]],"date-time":"2017-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011665","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP 281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP 281"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ensuring self-coexistence among IEEE 802.22 networks is a challenging problem owing to opportunistic access of incumbent-free radio resources by users in co-located networks. In this study, we propose a fully-distributed non-cooperative approach to ensure self-coexistence in downlink channels of IEEE 802.22 networks. We formulate the self-coexistence problem as a mixed-integer non-linear optimization problem for maximizing the network data rate, which is an NP-hard one. This work explores a sub-optimal solution by dividing the optimization problem into downlink channel allocation and power assignment sub-problems. Considering fairness, quality of service and minimum interference for customer-premises-equipment, we also develop a greedy algorithm for channel allocation and a non-cooperative game-theoretic framework for near-optimal power allocation. The base stations of networks are treated as players in a game, where they try to increase spectrum utilization by controlling power and reaching a Nash equilibrium point. We further develop a utility function for the game to increase the data rate by minimizing the transmission power and, subsequently, the interference from neighboring networks. A theoretical proof of the uniqueness and existence of the Nash equilibrium has been presented. Performance improvements in terms of data-rate with a degree of fairness compared to a cooperative branch-and-bound-based algorithm and a non-cooperative greedy approach have been shown through simulation studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,7]],"date-time":"2017-12-07T11:49:10Z","timestamp":1512647350000},"page":"2838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Self-Coexistence among IEEE 802.22 Networks: Distributed Allocation of Power and Channel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sayef","family":"Sakin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2542-1923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md.","family":"Razzaque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3479-3606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1887-5193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atif","family":"Alamri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nguyen","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4039-891X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Fortino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Modeling, Electronics, and Systems, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/98.788210","article-title":"Cognitive radio: making software radios more personal","volume":"6","author":"Mitola","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pers. Commun. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2006.05.001","article-title":"NeXt generation\/dynamic spectrum access\/cognitive radio wireless networks: A survey","volume":"50","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2010.2052033","article-title":"Cognition in wireless sensor networks: A perspective","volume":"11","author":"Vijay","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11196","DOI":"10.3390\/s130911196","article-title":"Cognitive radio wireless sensor networks: Applications, challenges and research trends","volume":"13","author":"Joshi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2009.4752688","article-title":"IEEE 802.22: The First Cognitive Radio Wireless Regional Area Network Standard","volume":"47","author":"Stevenson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comm. Mag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2007.358853","article-title":"Cognitive radios for dynamic spectrum access-dynamic frequency hopping communities for efficient IEEE 802.22 operation","volume":"45","author":"Hu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Commun. Mag. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2012.121112.00047","article-title":"Spectrum Assignment in Cognitive Radio Networks: A Comprehensive Survey","volume":"15","author":"Tragos","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2014.04.001","article-title":"Primary radio user activity models for cognitive radio networks: A survey","volume":"43","author":"Saleem","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurney, D., Buchwald, G., Ecklund, L., Kuffner, S., and Grosspietsch, J. (2008, January 14\u201317). Geo-location database techniques for incumbent protection in the TV white space. Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/DYSPAN.2008.31"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akyildiz, I.F., Lee, W.Y., Vuran, M.C., and Mohanty, S. (2008). A survey on spectrum management in cognitive radio networks. IEEE Commun. Mag., 46.","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2008.4481339"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2011.08.003","article-title":"Self-coexistence among interference-aware IEEE 802.22 networks with enhanced air-interface","volume":"9","author":"Sengupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2013.59","article-title":"Opportunistic Channel Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks","volume":"13","author":"Bansal","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakin, S.A., and Razzaque, M.A. (2016, January 7\u20139). Game theoretic downlink resource scheduling for self-coexisting cognitive radio networks. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Networking Systems and Security (NSysS), Dhaka, Bangladesh.","DOI":"10.1109\/NSysS.2016.7400697"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2014.06.014","article-title":"Joint power and bandwidth allocation in IEEE 802.22 based cognitive LTE network","volume":"71","author":"Asheralieva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Sengupta, S., Chandramouli, R., Brahma, S., and Chatterjee, M. (December, January 30). A game theoretic framework for distributed self-coexistence among IEEE 802.22 networks. Proceedings of the Global Telecommunications Conference, New Orleans, LO, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardellin, V., Das, S.K., and Lenzini, L. (2010, January 15\u201319). A fully distributed game theoretic approach to guarantee self-coexistence among WRANs. Proceedings of the INFOCOM IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOMW.2010.5466713"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wehrle, K., Gunes, M., and Gross, J. (2010). The ns-3 Network Simulator. Modeling and Tools for Network Simulation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12331-3"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2504408","article-title":"A survey of channel bonding for wireless networks and guidelines of channel bonding for futuristic cognitive radio sensor networks","volume":"18","author":"Bukhari","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2015.2504103","article-title":"On the utilization of spectrum opportunity in cognitive radio networks","volume":"20","author":"Ozger","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akan, O.B., Karli, O.B., and Ergul, O. (2009). Cognitive radio sensor networks. IEEE Netw., 23.","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2009.5191144"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6950","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2618418","article-title":"PRACB: A novel channel bonding algorithm for cognitive radio sensor networks","volume":"4","author":"Bukhari","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmoud, H.A., Yucek, T., and Arslan, H. (2009). OFDM for cognitive radio: Merits and challenges. IEEE Wirel. Commun., 16.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2009.4907554"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, S.W., Ma, Y., Peh, E., and Tao, M.H. (2016). TV White Space: The First Step Towards Better Utilization of Frequency Spectrum, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119110491"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.051311.101191","article-title":"Downlink subchannel and power allocation in multi-cell OFDMA cognitive radio networks","volume":"10","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bian, K., Park, J.M., and Gao, B. (2014). Cognitive Radio Networks: Medium Access Control for Coexistence of Wireless Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07329-3"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, E., Niyato, D., and Han, Z. (2009). Dynamic Spectrum Access and Management in Cognitive Radio Networks, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511609909"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vishram, M., Tong, L.C., and Syin, C. (2014, January 14\u201316). List Multi-Coloring based Fair Channel Allocation Policy for Self Coexistence in Cognitive Radio Networks with QoS Provisioning. Proceedings of the Region 10 Symposium, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCONSpring.2014.6863005"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Ge, Y., Sun, J., Shao, S., Yang, L., and Zhu, H. (2010, January 11\u201314). An improved spectrum allocation algorithm based on proportional fairness in Cognitive Radio networks. Proceedings of the 2010 12th IEEE International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT), Nanjing, China."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camarda, P., Cormio, C., and Passiatore, C. (2010, January 5\u20137). An exclusive self-coexistence (ESC) resource sharing algorithm for cognitive 802.22 networks. Proceedings of the 2010 5th IEEE International Symposium onWireless Pervasive Computing (ISWPC), Modena, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWPC.2010.5483784"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2013.6507394","article-title":"Self-coexistence in cellular cognitive radio networks based on the IEEE 802.22 Standard","volume":"70","author":"Gardellin","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Rondeau, T.W., and Bostian, C.W. (2009). Artificial Intelligence in Wireless Communications, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Brahma, S., and Chatterjee, M. (December, January 30). Mitigating self-interference among IEEE 802.22 networks: A game theoretic perspective. Proceedings of the Global Telecommunications Conference, Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, D., Miao, C., Miao, Y., and Shen, Z. (2009, January 8\u201310). A game theory approach for self-coexistence analysis among IEEE 802.22 networks. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing, Macau, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICS.2009.5397619"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2010.2043376","article-title":"Game theoretical resource allocation for inter-BS coexistence in IEEE 802.22","volume":"59","author":"Ko","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2015.2509259","article-title":"Throughput enhancement of multicarrier cognitive M2M networks: Universal-filtered OFDM systems","volume":"3","author":"Kibria","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2015.2393834","article-title":"Energy-Efficient Frequency and Power Allocation for Cognitive Radios in Television Systems","volume":"10","author":"Illanko","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2008.070022","article-title":"Downlink channel assignment and power control for cognitive radio networks","volume":"7","author":"Hoang","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2015.2390775","article-title":"Cognitive machine-to-machine communications for Internet-of-Things: A protocol stack perspective","volume":"2","author":"Aijaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2011). IEEE Standard for Information technology\u2014Local and metropolitan area networks\u2014Specific requirements\u2014Part 22: Cognitive Wireless RAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications: Policies and procedures for operation in the TV Bands. IEEE Std 802.22-2011, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Zheng, H., and Yang, G.H. (2005, January 8\u201311). Distributed coordination in dynamic spectrum allocation networks. 2005 First IEEE International Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, Baltimore, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2010.12.004","article-title":"A survey of common control channel design in cognitive radio networks","volume":"4","author":"Lo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s12243-014-0420-0","article-title":"An energy-efficient common control channel selection mechanism for Cognitive Radio Adhoc Networks","volume":"70","author":"Miazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of Telecommunications-Annales des T\u00e9L\u00e9Communications"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Avriel, M. (1976). Nonlinear Programming: Analysis and Methods, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Osborne, M., and Rubinstein, A. (1994). A Course in Game Theory, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2008.924723","article-title":"Asynchronous iterative water-filling for Gaussian frequency-selective interference channels","volume":"54","author":"Scutari","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granas, A., and Dugundji, J. (2003). Fixed Point Theory, Springer. Monographs in Mathematics.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21593-8"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Abraham, R., Marsden, J.E., and Ratiu, T. (2012). Manifolds, Tensor Analysis, and Applications, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/98.511762","article-title":"Channel assignment schemes for cellular mobile telecommunication systems: A comprehensive survey","volume":"3","author":"Katzela","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pers. Commun. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1946.234568","article-title":"A note on a simple transmission formula","volume":"34","author":"Friis","year":"1946","journal-title":"Proc. IRE"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Udell, M., Mohan, K., Zeng, D., Hong, J., Diamond, S., and Boyd, S. (2014). Convex Optimization in Julia. SC14 Workshop on High Performance Technical Computing in Dynamic Languages. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/HPTCDL.2014.5"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/12\/2838\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:53:03Z","timestamp":1760208783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/12\/2838"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,7]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s17122838"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17122838","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,7]]}}}