{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T03:15:16Z","timestamp":1774062916551,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,10]],"date-time":"2017-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Imaging in the infrared wavelength range has been fundamental in scientific, military and surveillance applications. Currently, it is a crucial enabler of new industries such as autonomous mobility (for obstacle detection), augmented reality (for eye tracking) and biometrics. Ubiquitous deployment of infrared cameras (on a scale similar to visible cameras) is however prevented by high manufacturing cost and low resolution related to the need of using image sensors based on flip-chip hybridization. One way to enable monolithic integration is by replacing expensive, small-scale III\u2013V-based detector chips with narrow bandgap thin-films compatible with 8- and 12-inch full-wafer processing. This work describes a CMOS-compatible pixel stack based on lead sulfide quantum dots (PbS QD) with tunable absorption peak. Photodiode with a 150-nm thick absorber in an inverted architecture shows dark current of 10\u22126 A\/cm2 at \u22122 V reverse bias and EQE above 20% at 1440 nm wavelength. Optical modeling for top illumination architecture can improve the contact transparency to 70%. Additional cooling (193 K) can improve the sensitivity to 60 dB. This stack can be integrated on a CMOS ROIC, enabling order-of-magnitude cost reduction for infrared sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]],"date-time":"2017-12-11T12:26:37Z","timestamp":1512995197000},"page":"2867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Thin-Film Quantum Dot Photodiode for Monolithic Infrared Image Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2934-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawel","family":"Malinowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Epimitheas","family":"Georgitzikis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5666-6544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorick","family":"Maes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Nanostructures, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Nano- and Biophotonics (NB-Photonics), Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Vamvaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Fortunato","family":"Frazzica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB\u2013ETRO), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Van Olmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Piet","family":"De Moor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Heremans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Zeger","family":"Hens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Nanostructures, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Nano- and Biophotonics (NB-Photonics), Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Cheyns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martyniuk, P., Antoszewski, J., Martyniuk, M., Faraone, L., and Rogalski, A. 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