{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:12:16Z","timestamp":1760209936250,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]],"date-time":"2017-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61771486","61371123","61301165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61771486","61371123","61301165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Major Research Plan of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["91438115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91438115"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Simultaneous random access of massive machine type communications (MTC) devices are expected to cause congestion in the radio access network. Not only the performance of MTC, but the coexisting human to human (H2H) communications would also degrade dramatically without an appropriate medium access control (MAC) protocol. However, most existing solutions focus on the random access procedure without dealing with the sunsequent data transmission procedure. In this paper, we firstly derive a packet size threshold based on the capacity analysis of slotted ALOHA (S-ALOHA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) protocols. Then a novel hybrid S-ALOHA\/TDMA MAC protocol (HSTMAC) is presented for massive MTC access, in which the resources are separated for beta distributed machine to machine (M2M) traffic with small size packets and high priority H2H traffic with large size packets. Considering access class barring (ACB) scheme as an overload control method, the system equilibrium under arbitrary retransmission limit is analyzed rigorously, which can provide insights on quality of service (QoS) guarantee. Finally, a dynamic pre-backoff (DPBO) algorithm is designed for load balance by adaptively scattering the highly synchronized M2M traffic over the transmission interval. Numerical and simulation results validate our analysis and show that the HSTMAC protocol is superior to pure S-ALOHA protocol and pure TDMA protocol. The proposed DPBO algorithm can achieve a higher success probability and resource utilization ratio with a much reduced average delay than that of uniform pre-backoff (UPBO) scheme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]],"date-time":"2017-12-15T12:23:56Z","timestamp":1513340636000},"page":"2875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Performance Analysis of a Novel Hybrid S-ALOHA\/TDMA Protocol for Beta Distributed Massive MTC Access"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nannan","family":"Sui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youyun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Communication and Network Technologies, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2731-7871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7263370","article-title":"Understanding the IoT connectivity landscape: A contemporary M2M radio technology roadmap","volume":"53","author":"Andreev","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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