{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:30:03Z","timestamp":1772253003334,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]],"date-time":"2017-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, a new refractive index sensor based on a metal\u2013insulator\u2013metal waveguide coupled with a notched ring resonator and stub is designed. The finite element method is used to study the propagation characteristics of the sensor. According to the calculation results, the transmission spectrum exhibits a typical Fano resonance shape. The phenomenon of Fano resonance is caused by the coupling between the broadband spectrum and narrowband spectrum. In the design, the broadband spectrum signal is generated by the stub, while the narrowband spectrum signal is generated by the notched ring resonator. In addition, the structural parameters of the resonators and the structure filled with media of different refractive indices are varied to study the sensing properties. The maximum achieved sensitivity of the sensor reached 1071.4 nm\/RIU. The results reveal potential applications of the coupled system in the field of sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]],"date-time":"2017-12-11T12:26:37Z","timestamp":1512995197000},"page":"2879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Refractive Index Sensor Based on a Metal\u2013Insulator\u2013Metal Waveguide Coupled with a Symmetric Structure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shubin","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, No. 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, No. 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuefeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, No. 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, No. 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jicheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, Beijing Institute of Space Long March Vehicle, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01937","article-title":"Surface plasmon subwavelength optics","volume":"424","author":"Barnes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2004.11.001","article-title":"Nano-optics of surface plasmon polaritons","volume":"408","author":"Zayats","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasad, P.N. (2004). Nanophotonics, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471670251"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brongersma, M.L., and Kik, P.G. (2007). Integrated Optics Based on Long-Range Surface Plasmon Polaritons. Surface Plasmon Nanophotonics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-4333-8"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3780","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.003780","article-title":"Plasmonic nanosensor based on fano resonance in waveguide-coupled resonators","volume":"37","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multiple fano resonances based on different waveguide modes in a symmetry breaking plasmonic system","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"1943","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1550218","article-title":"Tuning the fano resonances in a single defect nanocavity coupled with a plasmonic waveguide for sensing applications","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Int. J. Light Electron Opt."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2009.282","article-title":"Plasmonics beyond the diffraction limit","volume":"4","author":"Gramotnev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2011.09.002","article-title":"Plasmonic nano-lasers","volume":"1","author":"Yin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9025","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR01579K","article-title":"Controlled preparation of Au\/Ag\/SnO2 core-shell nanoparticles using a photochemical method and applications in LSPR based sensing","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114849","article-title":"Plasmonics: Merging photonics and electronics at nanoscale dimensions","volume":"311","author":"Ozbay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2932","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.14.002932","article-title":"Resonator channel drop filters in a plasmon-polaritons metal","volume":"14","author":"Xiao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.33.002874","article-title":"Tooth-shaped plasmonic waveguide filters with nanometeric sizes","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Xiao, B., Kong, S., and Gu, M. (2017, January 24\u201327). Parallel coupled filter based on spoof surface plasmon polaritons. Proceedings of the International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks, Hangzhou, China."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.40.002449","article-title":"Tunable all-optical plasmonic diode based on fano resonance in nonlinear waveguide coupled with cavities","volume":"40","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023029","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/12\/2\/023029","article-title":"Ultrahigh-contrast all-optical diodes based on tunable surface plasmon polaritons","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2009.02.002","article-title":"Efficiency analysis of organic light-emitting diodes based on optical simulation","volume":"10","author":"Krummacher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.002910","article-title":"Ultrafast all-optical switching in nanoplasmonic waveguide with kerr nonlinear resonator","volume":"19","author":"Mao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444009","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/23\/44\/444009","article-title":"Numerical investigation of an all-optical switch in a graded nonlinear plasmonic grating","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"2363","article-title":"Nonlinear optical switch utilizing longrange surface plasmon polaritons","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electromagn. Waves Appl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-012-9475-9","article-title":"Fano resonance in a gear-shaped nanocavity of the metal\u2013insulator\u2013metal waveguide","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10907","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.010907","article-title":"Fano-type spectral asymmetry and its control for plasmonic metal-insulator-metal stub structures","volume":"19","author":"Piao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, S., Piao, X., Hong, J., and Park, N. (2015). Progress toward high-Q perfect absorption: A Fano antilaser. Phys. Rev. A, 92.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.92.011802"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-016-0405-0","article-title":"High sensitivity nanoplasmonic sensor based on plasmon-induced transparency in a graphene nanoribbon waveguide coupled with detuned graphene square-nanoring resonators","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18994","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.018994","article-title":"Control of Fano asymmetry in plasmon induced transparency and its application to plasmonic waveguide modulator","volume":"20","author":"Piao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulshreshtha, R., and Zafar, R. (2017, January 23\u201325). The sensing characteristics of plasmonic waveguide with rectangular stub and taper. Proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering, Jaipur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRAIE.2016.7939556"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Zhang, Z., Wang, R., Hai, Z., Xue, C., Zhang, W., Zhang, W., and Yan, S. (2017). Refractive index sensor based on fano resonances in metal-insulator-metal waveguides coupled with resonators. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040784"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yun, J.G., Kim, J., Lee, K., Lee, Y., and Lee, B. (2017, January 24\u201328). Numerical study on refractive index sensor based on hybrid-plasmonic mode. Proceedings of the International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors, Jeju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2264068"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Zhang, Z., and Yan, S. (2017). Tunable fano resonance in asymmetric mim waveguide structure. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071494"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Luo, L., Xue, C., Zhang, W., and Yan, S. (2016). Fano resonance based on metal-insulator-metal waveguide-coupled double rectangular cavities for plasmonic nanosensors. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16050642"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24112","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.024112","article-title":"Solving dielectric and plasmonic waveguide dispersion relations on a pocket calculator","volume":"17","author":"Kekatpure","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.46.002229","article-title":"Modified debye model parameters of metals applicable for broadband calculations","volume":"46","author":"Gai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.124.1866","article-title":"Effects of configuration interaction on intensities and phase shifts","volume":"124","author":"Fano","year":"1961","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3828","DOI":"10.1021\/cr100313v","article-title":"Localized surface plasmon resonance sensors","volume":"111","author":"Mayer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/12\/2879\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:53:32Z","timestamp":1760208812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/12\/2879"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s17122879"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17122879","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201712.0027.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]]}}}