{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:13:49Z","timestamp":1760210029648,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]],"date-time":"2017-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes an approach for designing an efficient vibration energy harvester based on a vibro-impacting piezoelectric microcantilever with a geometric shape that has been rationally modified in accordance with results of dynamic optimization. The design goal is to increase the amplitudes of higher-order vibration modes induced during the vibro-impact response of the piezoelectric transducer, thereby providing a means to improve the energy conversion efficiency and power output. A rational configuration of the energy harvester is proposed and it is demonstrated that the new design retains essential modal characteristics of the optimal microcantilever structures, further providing the added benefit of less costly fabrication. The effects of structural dynamics associated with advantageous exploitation of higher vibration modes are analyzed experimentally by means of laser vibrometry as well as numerically via transient simulations of microcantilever response to random excitation. Electrical characterization results indicate that the proposed harvester outperforms its conventional counterpart (based on the microcantilever of the constant cross-section) in terms of generated electrical output. Reported results may serve for the development of impact-type micropower generators with harvesting performance that is enhanced by virtue of self-excitation of large intensity higher-order mode responses when the piezoelectric transducer is subjected to relatively low-frequency excitation with strongly variable vibration magnitudes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]],"date-time":"2017-12-12T13:35:00Z","timestamp":1513085700000},"page":"2884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Rational Design Approach for Enhancing Higher-Mode Response of a Microcantilever in Vibro-Impacting Mode"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ieva","family":"Migliniene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechatronics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu 56-123, LT-51368 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vytautas","family":"Ostasevicius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechatronics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu 56-123, LT-51368 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rimvydas","family":"Gaidys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechatronics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu 56-123, LT-51368 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rolanas","family":"Dauksevicius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechatronics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu 56-123, LT-51368 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1055-2568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giedrius","family":"Janusas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu 56-338, LT-51368 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vytautas","family":"Jurenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechatronics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu 56-123, LT-51368 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Povilas","family":"Krasauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechatronics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu 56-123, LT-51368 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3878","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.518-523.3878","article-title":"Analysis on the effect of system parameter on double cantilevers vibro-impact system response","volume":"518","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/697497","article-title":"Choice of measurement locations of nonlinear structures using proper orthogonal modes and effective independence distribution vector","volume":"2014","author":"Ritto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Shock Vib."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-014-1353-x","article-title":"Bifurcation analysis of a smoothed model of a forced impacting beam and comparison with an experiment","volume":"77","author":"Krauskopf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4027242","article-title":"Impact mechanics of elastic structures with point contact","volume":"136","author":"Szalai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vib. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"2042","article-title":"Shape optimization of electrostatically actuated micro cantilever beam with extended travel range using simulated annealing","volume":"3","author":"Trivedi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. World Congr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/23\/8\/085002","article-title":"Optimization of piezoelectric cantilever energy harvesters including non-linear effects","volume":"23","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Numerical continuation in a physical experiment: Investigation of a nonlinear energy harvester","volume":"6","author":"Barton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Nonlinear Dyn."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3647556","article-title":"The role of excitations statistic and nonlinearity in energy harvesting from random impulsive excitations","volume":"99","author":"Khovanova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/20\/10\/105008","article-title":"A piezoelectric device for impact energy harvesting","volume":"20","author":"Jacquelin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/21\/3\/035005","article-title":"Investigation of a MEMS piezoelectric energy harvester system with a frequency-widenedbandwidth mechanism introduced by mechanical stoppers","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/22\/5\/055013","article-title":"Low frequency acoustic energy harvesting using PZT piezoelectric plates in a straight tube resonator","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4788810","article-title":"Vibration energy harvesting using a phononic crystal with point defect states","volume":"102","author":"Lv","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2017.2731400","article-title":"Evaluation of vibrational PiezoMEMS harvester that scavenges energy from a magnetic field surrounding an AC current-carrying wire","volume":"26","author":"Olszewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L. (2010). Analytical Modelling and Design Optimization of Piezoelectric Bimorph Energy Harvester. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Alabama].","DOI":"10.1117\/12.895381"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sse.2008.12.011","article-title":"Micropower energy harvesting","volume":"53","author":"Vullers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Solid-State Electron."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/13\/5\/018","article-title":"A piezoelectric vibration based generator for wireless electronics","volume":"13","author":"Roundy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2015.10.019","article-title":"An analytical solution for thermoelastic damping in a micro-beam based on generalized theory of thermoelasticity and modified couple stress theory","volume":"40","author":"Kakhki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Model."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2016.01.014","article-title":"Air damping models for micro- and nano-mechanical beam resonators in molecular-flow regime","volume":"126","author":"Chu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.07.044","article-title":"Thermoelastic damping in micro- and nanomechanical beam resonators considering size effects","volume":"103","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janusas, G., Ponelyte, S., Brunius, A., Guobiene, A., Vilkauskas, A., and Palevicius, A. (2016). Influence of PZT coating thickness and electrical pole alignment on microresonator properties. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111893"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/16\/11\/026","article-title":"Efficiency of energy conversion for a piezoelectric power harvesting system","volume":"16","author":"Shu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2017.05.002","article-title":"On the efficiency of piezoelectric energy harvesters","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Extreme Mech. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/12\/2884\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:53:35Z","timestamp":1760208815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/12\/2884"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s17122884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17122884","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]]}}}