{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T10:33:34Z","timestamp":1770892414411,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,14]],"date-time":"2017-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002509","name":"Keimyung University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Research Grant of 2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Grant of 2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002509","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prolonged monitoring by cardiac electrocardiogram (ECG) sensors is useful for patients with emergency heart conditions. However, implant monitoring systems are limited by lack of tissue biocompatibility. Here, we developed an implantable ECG sensor for real-time monitoring of ventricular fibrillation and evaluated its biocompatibility using an animal model. The implantable sensor comprised transplant sensors with two electrodes, a wireless power transmission system, and a monitoring system. The sensor was inserted into the subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal area and operated for 1 h\/day for 5 days using a wireless power system. Importantly, the sensor was encapsulated by subcutaneous tissue and induced angiogenesis, inflammation, and phagocytosis. In addition, we observed that the levels of inflammation-related markers increased with wireless-powered transmission via the ECG sensor; in particular, levels of the Th-1 cytokine interleukin-12 were significantly increased. The results showed that induced tissue damage was associated with the use of wireless-powered sensors. We also investigated research strategies for the prevention of adverse effects caused by lack of tissue biocompatibility of a wireless-powered ECG monitoring system and provided information on the clinical applications of inflammatory reactions in implant treatment using the wireless-powered transmission system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,14]],"date-time":"2017-12-14T04:30:55Z","timestamp":1513225855000},"page":"2905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Induction of Inflammation In Vivo by Electrocardiogram Sensor Operation Using Wireless Power Transmission"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jin-Chul","family":"Heo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beomjoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoon-Nyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University, Daegu 41931, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2687-8140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dae-Kwang","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, Hanvit Institution for Medical Genetics, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong-Ha","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681300700104","article-title":"Blood glucose self-monitoring with a long-term subconjunctival glucose sensor","volume":"7","author":"Muller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2010.10.041","article-title":"Safety and accuracy of a wireless pulmonary artery pressure monitoring system in patients with heart failure","volume":"161","author":"Abraham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.10.045","article-title":"Porous, Dexamethasone-loaded polyurethane coatings extend performance window of implantable glucose sensors in vivo","volume":"30","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"535","article-title":"Arterial strain measurement by implantable capacitive sensor without vessel constriction","volume":"2012","author":"Ruhhammer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1220646","article-title":"The biology of facial fillers","volume":"25","author":"Bentkover","year":"2009","journal-title":"Facial Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2007.11.004","article-title":"Foreign body reaction to biomaterials","volume":"20","author":"Anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681100500505","article-title":"Glucose sensor membranes for mitigating the foreign body response","volume":"5","author":"Koh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16116","DOI":"10.3390\/s121216116","article-title":"A wireless sensor enabled by wireless power","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"359","article-title":"International regulatory needs for development of an IATA for non-genotoxic carcinogenic chemical substances","volume":"33","author":"Jacobs","year":"2016","journal-title":"ALTEX"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7974","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1403002111","article-title":"Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants","volume":"111","author":"Ho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2015.07.012","article-title":"In vivo demonstration of ultrasound power delivery to charge implanted medical devices via acute and survival porcine studies","volume":"64","author":"Radziemski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2014.977388","article-title":"Penetration and propagation into biological matter and biological effects of high-power ultra-wideband pulses: A review","volume":"35","author":"Schunck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1008","article-title":"Human implantable arrhythmia monitoring sensor with wireless power and data transmission technique","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Austin J. Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2013.1265","article-title":"Alleviation of asthma-related symptoms by a derivative of L-allo threonine","volume":"31","author":"Heo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.051225","article-title":"Role of neuronal interferon-\u03b3 in the development of myelopathy in rats infected with human T-Cell leukemia virus type 1","volume":"169","author":"Miyatake","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490824","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/490824","article-title":"PhysioDroid: Combining wearable health sensors and mobile devices for a ubiquitous, continuous, and personal monitoring","volume":"2014","author":"Banos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2014.11.001","article-title":"Interpreting in vitro developmental toxicity test battery results: The consideration of toxicokinetics","volume":"55","author":"Bosgra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Z., Zong, C., Jiang, B., Zhou, Z., Tong, J., and Cao, Y. (2012). The effect of combined exposure of 900 MHz radiofrequency fields and doxorubicin in HL-60 cells. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046102"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2015.12.005","article-title":"Real-time in vivo assessment of radiofrequency ablation of human colorectal liver metastases using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy","volume":"42","author":"Tanis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"286","article-title":"Safety considerations for wireless delivery of continuous power to implanted medical devices","volume":"2014","author":"Lucke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12044","article-title":"In vivo experimental study of thermal problems for rechargeable neurostimulators","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"883","article-title":"Direct inductive stimulation for energy-efficient wireless neural interfaces","volume":"2012","author":"Ha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62426-X","article-title":"T-cell subsets (Th1 versus Th2)","volume":"85","author":"Romagnani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guilmot, A., Bosse, J., Carlier, Y., and Truyens, C. (2013). Monocytes play an IL-12-dependent crucial role in driving cord blood NK cells to produce IFN-g in response to Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002291"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830260605","article-title":"Interleukin-12 induces interferon-gamma-dependent switching of IgG alloantibody subclass","volume":"26","author":"Gracie","year":"1996","journal-title":"E. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2014.2359094","article-title":"Full fabrication and packaging of an implantable multi-panel device for monitoring of metabolites in small animals","volume":"8","author":"Kilinc","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/12\/2905\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:53:55Z","timestamp":1760208835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/12\/2905"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,14]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s17122905"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17122905","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,14]]}}}