{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T01:50:31Z","timestamp":1777600231806,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,19]],"date-time":"2017-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An array of ZnO thin film sensors was obtained by thermal oxidation of physical vapor deposited thin Zn films. Different conditions of the thermal treatment (duration and temperature) were applied in view of obtaining ZnO sensors with different gas sensing properties. Films having undergone a long thermal treatment exhibited high responses to low ethanol concentrations, while short thermal treatments generally led to sensors with high ethanol sensitivity. The sensor array was used to distinguish among Tequilas and Agave liquor. Linear discriminant analysis and the multilayer perceptron neural network reached 100% and 86.3% success rates in the discrimination between real Tequila and Agave liquor and in the identification of Tequila brands, respectively. These results are promising for the development of an inexpensive tool offering low complexity and cost of analysis for detecting fraud in spirits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,19]],"date-time":"2017-12-19T10:48:40Z","timestamp":1513680520000},"page":"2943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Identification of Tequila with an Array of ZnO Thin Films: A Simple and Cost-Effective Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Acu\u00f1a-Avila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Zinacantepec, Av. Libramiento Universidad 106, San Bartolo el Llano, 51361 Zinacantepec, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Calavia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MINOS-EMaS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda. Pa\u00efsos Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Vigueras-Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo de Materiales Avanzados (LIDMA), Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico, Paseo Col\u00f3n Esquina Paseo Tollocan, Toluca 50200, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6164-4342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduard","family":"Llobet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MINOS-EMaS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda. Pa\u00efsos Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2017, July 06). Consejo Regulador del Tequila. Available online: www.crt.org.mx."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2010.09.001","article-title":"Screening method for identification of adulterate and fake tequilas by using UV-VIS spectroscopy and chemometrics","volume":"43","author":"Contreras","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.09.048","article-title":"Characterization of tequila according to their major volatile composition using multilayer perceptron neural networks","volume":"136","author":"Jurado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1021\/jf048637f","article-title":"Multivariate analysis of FITR and ion chromatography data for the quality control of tequila","volume":"53","author":"Lachenmeier","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-003-0782-4","article-title":"Authentication of tequila by gas chromatography and stable isotope ratio analyses","volume":"217","author":"Christoph","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Le\u00f3n-Rodr\u00edguez, A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Hern\u00e1ndez, L., Barba, A.P., Rosa, D., Escalante-Minakata, P., and L\u00f3pez, M.G. (2006). Characterization of Volatile Compounds of Mezcal, an Ethnic Alcoholic Beverage Obtained from Agave salmiana. J. Agric. Food Chem., 1337\u20131341.","DOI":"10.1021\/jf052154+"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2017.07.008","article-title":"Authentication of tequilas using pattern recognition and supervised classification","volume":"94","author":"Andrade","year":"2017","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.05.032","article-title":"Electronic nose discrimination of aroma compounds in alcoholised solutions","volume":"114","author":"Chalier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.04.006","article-title":"Identification of different alcoholic beverages by electronic nose coupled to GC","volume":"134","author":"Chalier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(00)82573-8","article-title":"Discrimination of liquor aromas by pattern recognition analysis of responses from a gas sensor array","volume":"243","author":"Aishima","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(96)01918-1","article-title":"An electronic nose for the recognition of the vineyard of a red wine","volume":"33","author":"Davide","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2004.09.006","article-title":"Electronic noses in the quality control of alcoholic beverages","volume":"24","author":"Busto","year":"2005","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.08.014","article-title":"Conductive polymer gas sensor for quantitative detection of methanol in Brazilian sugar-cane spirit","volume":"130","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Gu, Y., and Jia, J. (2017). Classification of multiple Chinese liquors by means of a QCM-based e-nose and MDS-SVM classifier. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020272"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.11.043","article-title":"Controllable growth of ZnO nanowires grown on discrete islands of Au catalyst for realization of planar-type micro gas sensors","volume":"193","author":"Nguyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2013.06.005","article-title":"Gas sensing properties of single crystalline ZnO nanowires grown by thermal evaporation technique","volume":"13","author":"Rai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.02.048","article-title":"Synthesis of ZnO nanowires and impacts of their orientation and defects on their gas sensing properties","volume":"230","author":"Roso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2009.06.056","article-title":"Geographical origin of Sauvignon Blanc wines predicted by mass spectrometry and metal oxide based electronic nose","volume":"648","author":"Berna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00059a018","article-title":"Purge and Trap Extraction with GC-MS Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Table-Ready Foods","volume":"43","author":"Heikes","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/jhrc.1240100202","article-title":"Selective removal of water in purge and cold-trap capillary gas chromatographic analysis of volatile organic traces in aqueous samples","volume":"10","author":"Noij","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. High Res. Chrom. Chrom. Com."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.606","article-title":"Solid-phase microextraction: A powerful sample preparation tool prior to mass spectrometric analysis","volume":"39","author":"Vas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2009.09.010","article-title":"Selective growth of ZnO nanoneedles by thermal oxidation of Zn microstructures","volume":"164","author":"Yuvaraj","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B Solid-State Mater. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrysgro.2009.07.006","article-title":"Effect of oxygen partial pressure on the growth of zinc micro and nanostructures","volume":"311","author":"Yuvaraj","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spmi.2012.05.024","article-title":"The influence of oxidation time on the properties of oxidized zinc films","volume":"52","author":"Rambu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Superlatt. Microstruct."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Li, C., Zhao, H., Li, R., and Liu, J. (2012). Synthesis, characterization, and electrical conductivity of ZnO with different morphologies. Powder Technol., 239.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2012.12.045"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.07.118","article-title":"Design of SnO2\/ZnO hierarchical nanostructures for enhanced ethanol gas-sensing performance","volume":"174","author":"Khoang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.10.037","article-title":"Sensor response formula for sensor based on ZnO nanostructures","volume":"144","author":"Hongsith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.05.030","article-title":"Competitive influence of grain size and crystallinity on gas sensing performances of ZnO nanofibers","volume":"185","author":"Katoch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2003.09.027","article-title":"Chemometric characterization of Italian wines by thin-film multisensors array and artificial neural networks","volume":"86","author":"Penza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.05.089","article-title":"Calibration transfer and drift counteraction in chemical sensor arrays using Direct Standardization","volume":"236","author":"Fonollosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/12\/2943\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:54:30Z","timestamp":1760208870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/12\/2943"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,19]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s17122943"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17122943","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,19]]}}}