{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T04:03:56Z","timestamp":1773374636921,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,19]],"date-time":"2017-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61471019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61471019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61372186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61372186"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61661043,"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61661043,"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["2017JQ10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017JQ10"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["2016MS0606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016MS0606"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ground-based synthetic aperture radar (GB-SAR) has become an important technique for remote sensing deformation monitoring. However, most of the existing GB-SAR systems realize synthetic aperture by exploiting two closely spaced horn antennas to move along a linear rail. In order to obtain higher data acquisition efficiency and a wider view angle, we introduce arc antenna array technology into the GB-SAR system, which realizes a novel kind of system: ground-based arc array SAR (GB-AA-SAR). In this paper, we analyze arc observation geometry and derive analytic expressions of sampling criteria. Then, we propose a novel wavenumber domain imaging algorithm for GB-AA-SAR, which can achieve high image reconstruction precision through numerical solutions in the wavenumber domain. The proposed algorithm can be applied in wide azimuth view angle scenarios, and the problem of azimuth mismatch caused by distance approximation in arc geometric efficient omega-k imaging can be solved successfully. Finally, we analyze the two-dimensional (2D) spatial resolution of GB-AA-SAR, and verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm through numerical simulation experiments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]],"date-time":"2017-12-20T11:34:14Z","timestamp":1513769654000},"page":"2950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Investigation of Wavenumber Domain Imaging Algorithm for Ground-Based Arc Array SAR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zengshu","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics &amp; Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7184-5057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinping","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics &amp; Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weixian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7720-1183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pingping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuoye","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Science Academy, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Beijing 100098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(02)00196-5","article-title":"Landslide monitoring by using ground-based SAR interferometry: An example of application to the Tessina landslide in Italy","volume":"68","author":"Tarchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.836792","article-title":"Ground-based radar interferometry for landslides monitoring: Atmospheric and instrumental decorrelation sources on experimental data","volume":"42","author":"Luzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.808902","article-title":"Temporal analysis of a landslide by means of a ground-based SAR Interferometer","volume":"41","author":"Leva","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"137","article-title":"Deformation monitoring using ground-based SAR data","volume":"5","author":"Crosetto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eng. Geol. Territ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.848707","article-title":"Permanent scatterers analysis for atmospheric correction in ground-based SAR interferometry","volume":"43","author":"Noferini","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sen."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2261077","article-title":"Atmospheric Phase Screen Compensation in Ground-Based SAR with a Multiple-Regression Model over Mountainous Regions","volume":"52","author":"Iglesias","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3656","article-title":"A review of terrestrial radar interferometry for measuring surface change in the geosciences","volume":"40","author":"Caduff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klausing, H., and Keydel, W. (1990, January 7\u201310). Feasibility of a synthetic aperture radar with rotating antennas (ROSAR). Proceedings of the IEEE International Radar Conference, Arlington, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUMA.1989.333979"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2265700","article-title":"Development of a truck-mounted arc-scanning synthetic aperture radar","volume":"52","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5989","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2325905","article-title":"Arc FMCW SAR and applications in ground monitoring","volume":"52","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2016.2613926","article-title":"ArcSAR: Theory, Simulations, and Experimental Verification","volume":"65","author":"Pieraccini","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2199120","article-title":"MIMO radar and ground-based SAR imaging systems: Equivalent approaches for remote sensing","volume":"51","author":"Tarchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.02.003","article-title":"MELISSA, a new class of ground based InSAR system. An example of application in support to the Costa Concordia emergency","volume":"91","author":"Broussolle","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Huang, P.P., Tan, W.X., and Su, Y. (2015, January 26\u201331). MIMO-SAR imaging technology for helicopter-borne based on arc antenna array. Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Milan, Italy."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Soumekh, M. (1999). Synthetic Aperture Radar Signal Processing with Matlab Algorithms, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5194\/ars-4-85-2006","article-title":"Efficient omega-k algorithm for circular SAR and cylindrical reconstruction areas","volume":"4","author":"Dallinger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Cumming, I.G., and Wong, F. (2004). Digital Processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data: Algorithms and Implementation, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2007908","article-title":"A fast and accurate far-field pseudo polar format radar imaging algorithm","volume":"47","author":"Fortuny","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/12\/2950\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:54:40Z","timestamp":1760208880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/12\/2950"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,19]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s17122950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17122950","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,19]]}}}