{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T02:33:32Z","timestamp":1776479612543,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,19]],"date-time":"2017-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FP7-ICT-317894"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP7-ICT-317894"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007368","name":"Fondazione Pisa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N.A."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.A."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007368","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wound assessment is usually performed in hospitals or specialized labs. However, since patients spend most of their time at home, a remote real time wound monitoring would help providing a better care and improving the healing rate. This review describes the advances in sensors and biosensors for monitoring the concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), temperature and pH in wounds. These three parameters can be used as qualitative biomarkers to assess the wound status and the effectiveness of therapy. CRP biosensors can be classified in: (a) field effect transistors, (b) optical immunosensors based on surface plasmon resonance, total internal reflection, fluorescence and chemiluminescence, (c) electrochemical sensors based on potentiometry, amperometry, and electrochemical impedance, and (d) piezoresistive sensors, such as quartz crystal microbalances and microcantilevers. The last section reports the most recent developments for wearable non-invasive temperature and pH sensors suitable for wound monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,19]],"date-time":"2017-12-19T10:48:40Z","timestamp":1513680520000},"page":"2952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Sensors and Biosensors for C-Reactive Protein, Temperature and pH, and Their Applications for Monitoring Wound Healing: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3866-2993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Salvo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (IFC-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Dini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arno","family":"Kirchhain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Janowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Oranges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6739-0387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Chiricozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1822-7399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Lomonaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Di Francesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4127-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Romanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wndm.2015.03.007","article-title":"The role of biomedical sensors in wound healing","volume":"8","author":"Salvo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wound Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07201","article-title":"Origin and physiological roles of inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01320","article-title":"Points of control in inflammation","volume":"420","author":"Nathan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000052939.59093.45","article-title":"Markers of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"107","author":"Pearson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01322","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer","volume":"420","author":"Coussens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05485","article-title":"Inflammation and metabolic disorders","volume":"444","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25102","article-title":"Inflammation, stress, and diabetes","volume":"115","author":"Wellen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"165","article-title":"New insights into the pathogenesis of cutaneous autoimmune disorders","volume":"26","author":"Chiricozzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198401263100406","article-title":"Interstitial Lung Diseases of Unknown Cause\u2014Disorders Characterized by Chronic Inflammation of the Lower Respiratory Tract","volume":"310","author":"Crystal","year":"1984","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734607300912","article-title":"Improvement of idiopathic pyoderma gangrenosum during treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor alfa monoclonal antibody","volume":"6","author":"Dini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Low Extrem. Wounds"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2017.26.Sup9.S9","article-title":"Potential correlation of wound bed score and biomarkers in chronic lower leg wounds: An exploratory study","volume":"26","author":"Dini","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475X.11.s2.1.x","article-title":"Wound bed preparation: A systematic approach to wound management","volume":"11","author":"Schultz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200318921","article-title":"C-reactive protein: A critical update","volume":"111","author":"Pepys","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1385\/IR:30:3:261","article-title":"C-reactive protein: An activator of innate immunity and a modulator of adaptive immunity","volume":"30","author":"Mold","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2007.043","article-title":"C-reactive protein","volume":"30","author":"Reeves","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aust. Prescr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2009.04.009","article-title":"Electrochemical investigations of the interaction of C-reactive protein (CRP) with a CRP antibody chemically immobilized on a gold surface","volume":"643","author":"Hennessey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1309\/MV9RM1FDLWAUWQ3F","article-title":"Principles of Immunochemical Techniques Used in Clinical Laboratories","volume":"37","author":"Koivunen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0703306","article-title":"Fc\u03b3RIIa expression with Fc\u03b3RI results in C-reactive protein and IgG-mediated phagocytosis","volume":"75","author":"Gregory","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200106000-00007","article-title":"The role of C-reactive protein in the resolution of bacterial infection","volume":"14","author":"Mold","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01528-3","article-title":"The antimicrobial activity of C-reactive protein","volume":"4","author":"Szalai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"749","article-title":"Plasma Proteins and Wound Healing","volume":"153","author":"Powanda","year":"1981","journal-title":"Surg. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0b013e32835cc193","article-title":"C-reactive protein and fibrin clot strength measured by thrombelastography after coronary stenting","volume":"24","author":"Kreutz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, P.C., Lin, S., Yang, X.W., Gu, D.M., Yan, T.K., Wei, L., and Wang, B.L. (2015). C-reactive protein enhances activation of coagulation system and inflammatory response through dissociating into monomeric form in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. BMC Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-015-0077-0"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475X.1996.40211.x","article-title":"Biochemical analysis of wound fluid from nonhealing and healing chronic leg ulcers","volume":"4","author":"Trengove","year":"1996","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2008.04.012","article-title":"Impact of protein deficiency on venous ulcer healing","volume":"48","author":"Legendre","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e318198a252","article-title":"Acute Inflammation is Persistent Locally in Burn Wounds: A Pivotal Role for Complement and C-Reactive Protein","volume":"30","author":"Krijnen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Res."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"32","article-title":"Diagnosing wound infection: The use of C-reactive protein","volume":"4","author":"Kingsley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wounds UK"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2007.16.7.27062","article-title":"Evaluation of pH measurement as a method of wound assessment","volume":"16","author":"Shukla","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"58","article-title":"Technological advances in wound bed measurements","volume":"14","author":"Romanelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1023400","article-title":"The value of thermography in the early diagnosis of postoperative sternal wound infections","volume":"32","author":"Robicsek","year":"1984","journal-title":"Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0b013e32835dc0fc","article-title":"Use of diagnostic in wound management","volume":"7","author":"Romanelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Support. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2017.26.7.381","article-title":"Measurement of pH, exudate composition and temperature in wound healing: A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Power","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1159\/000318266","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of a solution containing propyl betaine and polihexanide for wound irrigation","volume":"23","author":"Romanelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2014.10.023","article-title":"Increased wound pH as an indicator of local wound infection in second degree burns","volume":"41","author":"Ono","year":"2015","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12125","article-title":"The effects of pH on wound healing, biofilms, and antimicrobial efficacy","volume":"22","author":"Percival","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475x.2000.00138.x","article-title":"Stimulation of fibroblast growth in vitro by intermittent radiant warming","volume":"8","author":"Xia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"244","article-title":"Treatment of pressure ulcers with noncontact normothermic wound therapy: Healing and warming effects","volume":"28","author":"Whitney","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Wound Ostomy Cont. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2642","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.11.2642","article-title":"Home monitoring of foot skin temperatures to prevent ulceration","volume":"27","author":"Lavery","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2007.06.028","article-title":"Skin temperature monitoring reduces the risk for diabetic foot ulceration in high-risk patients","volume":"120","author":"Armstrong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houghton, V.J., Bower, V.M., and Chant, D.C. (2013). Is an increase in skin temperature predictive of neuropathic foot ulceration in people with diabetes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Foot Ankle Res., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-6-31"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"274","article-title":"Correlation between Wound Temperature Obtained with an Infrared Camera and Clinical Wound Bed Score in Venous Leg Ulcers","volume":"27","author":"Dini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000383197.28192.98","article-title":"A Clinical Investigation into the Relationship between Increased Periwound Skin Temperature and Local Wound Infection in Patients with Chronic Leg Ulcers","volume":"23","author":"Fierheller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Skin Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2006.00269.x","article-title":"Does dermal thermometry predict clinical outcome in diabetic foot infection? Analysis of data from the SIDESTEP","volume":"3","author":"Armstrong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10195-011-0135-1","article-title":"Healing of surgical site after total hip and knee replacements show similar telethermographic patterns","volume":"12","author":"Logoluso","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2013.0251","article-title":"Assessment of signs of foot infection in diabetes patients using photographic foot imaging and infrared thermography","volume":"16","author":"Hazenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36235","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.142026","article-title":"Identification of acidic pH-dependent ligands of pentameric C-reactive protein","volume":"285","author":"Hammond","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.06.001","article-title":"Significance of the pH-induced conformational changes in the structure of C-reactive protein measured by dual polarization interferometry","volume":"26","author":"Sheu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1166\/sl.2010.1248","article-title":"Monitoring of C-Reactive Protein Using Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor Biosensor","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1166\/sl.2007.216","article-title":"Detection of C-Reactive Protein Using BioFET and Extended Gate","volume":"5","author":"Sohn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyu, H.-K., Choi, Y.-S., Shin, J.-K., and Kim, J.-H. (2009, January 25). A commercial MOSFET-based biosensor with a gold extended gate electrode. Proceedings of the SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.820340"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20080720","article-title":"Field-effect-transistor type C-reactive protein sensor using cysteine-tagged protein G","volume":"44","author":"Sohn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S2437","article-title":"Quantitative measurements of C-reactive protein using silicon nanowire arrays","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2009.04.004","article-title":"Measurements of serum C-reactive protein levels in patients with gastric cancer and quantification using silicon nanowire arrays","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Lee, M.H., Lee, K., and Jung, S.W. (September, January 28). Multiplexed detection of protein markers with silicon nanowire FET and sol-gel matrix. Proceedings of the 34th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Ahn, J.-H., Kim, J.-Y., Im, M., Han, J.-W., and Choi, Y.-K. (2010, January 3\u20137). A nanogap-embedded nanowire field effect transistor for sensor applications: Immunosensor and humidity sensor. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences 2010 (MicroTAS 2010), Groningen, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2011.3417","article-title":"In-situ detection of C-reactive protein using silicon nanowire field effect transistor","volume":"11","author":"Kwon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.07.062","article-title":"MOSFET-BJT hybrid mode of the gated lateral bipolar junction transistor for C-reactive protein detection","volume":"28","author":"Yuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.08.047","article-title":"CRP detection from serum for chip-based point-of-care testing system","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2013.03.007","article-title":"Disposable immunosensors for C-reactive protein based on carbon nanotubes field effect transistors","volume":"108","author":"Justino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2006.121","article-title":"Carbon nanotube-based sensors","volume":"6","author":"Sinha","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-008-0952-y","article-title":"Characterization of a carbon nanotube polymer composite sensor for an impedimetric electronic tongue","volume":"163","author":"Pioggia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18416","DOI":"10.3390\/s150818416","article-title":"AlGaN\/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor-Based Biosensor for the Detection of C-Reactive Protein","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.04.117","article-title":"Differential-mode HEMT-based biosensor for real-time and label-free detection of C-reactive protein","volume":"234","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3943","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-016-9502-3","article-title":"Label-free C-reactive protein electronic detection with an electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistor-based immunosensor","volume":"408","author":"Magliulo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(98)00321-9","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance sensors: Review","volume":"54","author":"Homola","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068107d","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance sensors for detection of chemical and biological species","volume":"108","author":"Homola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.5796\/electrochemistry.74.153","article-title":"Immunosensor Using Surface Plasmon Resonance for C-Reactive Protein Detection","volume":"74","author":"Casa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Electrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2005.09.010","article-title":"SPR-based immunosensor for the CRP detection\u2014A new method to detect a well known protein","volume":"21","author":"Meyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2005.11.001","article-title":"Immunodetection of pentamer and modified C-reactive protein using surface plasmon resonance biosensing","volume":"21","author":"Hu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5703","DOI":"10.1021\/ac070433l","article-title":"Analysis of C-reactive protein on amide-linked N-hydroxysuccinimide-dextran arrays with a spectral surface plasmon resonance biosensor for serodiagnosis","volume":"79","author":"Jung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-007-1736-7","article-title":"Development of an optical RNA-based aptasensor for C-reactive protein","volume":"390","author":"Bini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vance, S.A., and Sandros, M.G. (2014). Zeptomole Detection of C-Reactive Protein in Serum by a Nanoparticle Amplified Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging Aptasensor. Sci. Rep., 4.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05129"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30934","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA05011H","article-title":"DNA aptamer-based surface plasmon resonance sensing of human C-reactive protein","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CC07868G","article-title":"A plasmonic chip-based bio\/chemical hybrid sensing system for the highly sensitive detection of C-reactive protein","volume":"52","author":"Matsuura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3568","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CC10486F","article-title":"Detection of C-reactive protein using nanoparticle-enhanced surface plasmon resonance using an aptamer-antibody sandwich assay","volume":"52","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.10.012","article-title":"Development of a sensitive SPR biosensor for C-reactive protein (CRP) using plasma-treated parylene-N film","volume":"207","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201500315","article-title":"SPR-based plastic optical fibre biosensor for the detection of C-reactive protein in serum","volume":"9","author":"Aray","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024025","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2714029","article-title":"Fiber optic biosensor for the detection of C-reactive protein and the study of protein binding kinetics","volume":"12","author":"Chou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.10.033","article-title":"Sensitive detection of C-reactive protein using optical fiber Bragg gratings","volume":"65","author":"Sridevi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2003.11.003","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of C-reactive protein and other cardiac markers in human plasma using micromosaic immunoassays and self-regulating microfluidic networks","volume":"19","author":"Wolf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1039\/b414194f","article-title":"Application of microchip assay system for the measurement of C-reactive protein in human saliva","volume":"5","author":"Christodoulides","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghimenti, S., Lomonaco, T., Onor, M., Murgia, L., Paolicchi, A., Fuoco, R., Ruocco, L., Pellegrini, G., Trivella, M.G., and Di Francesco, F. (2011). Measurement of Warfarin in the Oral Fluid of Patients Undergoing Anticoagulant Oral Therapy. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028182"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2017.04.033","article-title":"Determination of salivary \u03b1-amylase and cortisol in psoriatic subjects undergoing the Trier Social Stress Test","volume":"136","author":"Bellagambi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.05.169","article-title":"Electrochmical biosensor platform for TNF-\u03b1 cytokines detection in both artificial and real human saliva: Heart Failure","volume":"251","author":"Bellagambi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.08.027","article-title":"An optical PMMA biochip based on fluorescence anisotropy: Application to C-reactive protein assay","volume":"139","author":"Baldini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2012.06.037","article-title":"Thiolated DAB dendrimer\/ZnSe nanoparticles for C-reactive protein recognition in human serum","volume":"99","author":"Algarra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10073","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cp00545b","article-title":"Electrogenerated chemiluminescence determination of C-reactive protein with carboxyl CdSe\/ZnS core\/shell quantum dots","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.04.087","article-title":"An integrated microfluidic system for fast; automatic detection of C-reactive protein","volume":"157","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.32725\/jab.2008.008","article-title":"Electrochemical biosensors-principles and applications","volume":"6","author":"Pohanka","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1081\/AL-120021536","article-title":"An Electrochemical Immunosensor for Assays of C-Reactive Protein","volume":"36","author":"Zhu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.03.083","article-title":"Development of a disposable potentiometric antibody immobilized ZnO nanotubes based sensor for the detection of C-reactive protein","volume":"166\u2013167","author":"Ibupoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3390\/bios4040340","article-title":"Detection of the Inflammation Biomarker C-Reactive Protein in Serum Samples: Towards an Optimal Biosensor Formula","volume":"4","author":"Fakanya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2015.05.035","article-title":"Disposable integrated bismuth citrate-modified screen-printed immunosensor for ultrasensitive quantum dot-based electrochemical assay of C-reactive protein in human serum","volume":"886","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200804358","article-title":"An Electrochemical Immunosensor for C-Reactive Protein Based on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Modified Electrodes","volume":"20","author":"Buch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.07.026","article-title":"Ultrasensitive amperometric magnetoimmunosensor for human C-reactive protein quantification in serum","volume":"188","author":"Campuzano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200603855","article-title":"Label-Free Impedance Biosensors: Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"19","author":"Daniels","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"14","article-title":"Label-free detection of C-reactive protein using an electrochemical DNA immunoassay","volume":"8","author":"Songjaroen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Biosens. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"1705","article-title":"Fabrication and functionalization of PCB gold electrodes suitable for DNA-based electrochemical sensing","volume":"24","author":"Salvo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.03.027","article-title":"Label-free detection of C-reactive protein using a carbon nanofiber based biosensor","volume":"59","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-03961-9_2","article-title":"Piezoelectric Materials","volume":"Volume 212","author":"Dineva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dynamic Fracture of Piezoelectric Materials: Solutions of Time-Harmonic Problems via BIEM"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8863","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)12933-6","article-title":"Developments of Immobilized Surface Modified Piezoelectric Crystal Biosensors for Advanced Applications","volume":"8","author":"Pramanik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(96)00077-2","article-title":"Quartz crystal microbalances for quantitative biosensing and characterizing protein multilayers","volume":"12","author":"Brecht","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(01)00856-5","article-title":"Micromechanical cantilever-based biosensors","volume":"79","author":"Raiteri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482316","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/482316","article-title":"A Novel Signal-Amplified Immunoassay for the Detection of C-Reactive Protein Using HRP-Doped Magnetic Nanoparticles as Labels with the Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance as a Detector","volume":"2013","author":"Gan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anal. Methods Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.07.099","article-title":"Reusable gold nanoparticle enhanced QCM immunosensor for detecting C-reactive protein","volume":"188","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(01)00622-0","article-title":"Conventional diagnosis of C-reactive protein in serum using latex piezoelectric immunoassay","volume":"76","author":"Aizawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.09.046","article-title":"Development of indirect-competitive quartz crystal microbalance immunosensor for C-reactive protein","volume":"143","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2010.02.048","article-title":"Gold nanoparticle-based signal augmentation of quartz crystal microbalance immunosensor measuring C-reactive protein","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2004.01.024","article-title":"Label free novel electrical detection using micromachined PZT monolithic thin film cantilever for the detection of C-reactive protein","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2004.09.023","article-title":"Novel electrical detection of label-free disease marker proteins using piezoresistive self-sensing micro-cantilevers","volume":"20","author":"Wee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9653","DOI":"10.3390\/s130809653","article-title":"Electrical detection of C-reactive protein using a single free-standing; thermally controlled piezoresistive microcantilever for highly reproducible and accurate measurements","volume":"13","author":"Yen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.09.029","article-title":"Sensors and imaging for wound healing: A review","volume":"41","author":"Dargaville","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNeill, J., Sen, D., Mendelson, Y., Crivello, M., Mazumder, S., Agdeppa, A., Hussain, S.A., Kim, H., Loehle, V., and Dunn, R. (2017, January 28\u201331). Wearable Wireless Sensor Patch for Continuous Monitoring of Skin Temperature, Pressure, and Relative Humidity. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2017.8050898"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamamoto, Y., Yamamoto, D., Takada, M., Naito, H., Arie, T., Akita, S., and Takei, K. (2017). Efficient Skin Temperature Sensor and Stable Gel-Less Sticky ECG Sensor for a Wearable Flexible Healthcare Patch. Adv. Healthc. Mater., 6.","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201700495"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.7b00047","article-title":"Wearable, Flexible, and Multifunctional Healthcare Device with an ISFET Chemical Sensor for Simultaneous Sweat pH and Skin Temperature Monitoring","volume":"2","author":"Nakata","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201504441","article-title":"An All-Elastomeric Transparent and Stretchable Temperature Sensor for Body-Attachable Wearable Electronics","volume":"28","author":"Trung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2014.01.008","article-title":"A new polystyrene-based ionomer\/MWCNT nanocomposite for wearable skin temperature sensors","volume":"76","author":"Giuliani","year":"2014","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2013.03.029","article-title":"Factors affecting the dispersion of MWCNTs in electrically conducting SEBS nanocomposites","volume":"49","author":"Calisi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2016.11.018","article-title":"Effects of thermal annealing on SEBS\/MWCNTs temperature-sensitive nanocomposites for the measurement of skin temperature","volume":"186","author":"Calisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.01.062","article-title":"Temperature and pH sensors based on graphenic materials","volume":"91","author":"Salvo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S121726","article-title":"Temperature- and pH-sensitive wearable materials for monitoring foot ulcers","volume":"12","author":"Salvo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melai, B., Salvo, P., Calisi, N., Moni, L., Bonini, A., Paoletti, C., Lomonaco, T., Mollica, V., Fuoco, R., and Di Francesco, F. (2016, January 16\u201320). A graphene oxide pH sensor for wound monitoring. Proceedings of the 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2016.7591092"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvo, P., Melai, B., Calisi, N., Paoletti, C., Bellagambi, F., Kirchhain, A., Trivella, M.G., Fuoco, R., and Di Francesco, F. (2018). Graphene-based devices for measuring pH. Sens. Actuators B Chem., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.10.037"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b03634","article-title":"Micro Electrochemical pH Sensor Applicable for Real-Time Ratiometric Monitoring of pH Values in Rat Brains","volume":"88","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nanasaki, S., Horiuchi, H., Inada, H., Nakamura, Y., Dasai, F., Iwata, T., Takahashi, K., Nabekura, J., and Sawada, K. (2017, January 18\u201322). Development of novel pH image sensor for in vivo apprication. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS), Kaohsiung, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/TRANSDUCERS.2017.7993983"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.12.082","article-title":"A low-cost flexible pH sensor array for wound assessment","volume":"229","author":"Rahimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.04.045","article-title":"The pyranine-benzalkonium ion pair: A promising fluorescent system for the ratiometric detection of wound pH","volume":"249","author":"Panzarasa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2016.11.033","article-title":"High performance flexible pH sensor based on polyaniline nanopillar array electrode","volume":"490","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtv.2016.01.001","article-title":"A D-optimal design to model the performances of dressings and devices for negative pressure wound therapy","volume":"25","author":"Salvo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Tissue Viability"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2015.2497438","article-title":"Miniature pH Optical Fiber Sensor Based on Fabry\u2013Perot Interferometer","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2017.26.3.121","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of blood cells and inflammatory factors in wounds","volume":"26","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"30","article-title":"A Prospective Pilot Study to Evaluate Wound Outcomes and Levels of Serum C-reactive Protein and Interleukin-6 in the Wound Fluid of Patients with Trauma-related Chronic Wounds","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ostomy Wound Manag."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2015.10.018","article-title":"A threshold for concern? C-reactive protein levels following operatively managed neck of femur fractures can detect infectious complications with a simple formula","volume":"49","author":"Chapman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0840-8","article-title":"Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein concentrations to distinguish mildly infected from non-infected diabetic foot ulcers: A pilot study","volume":"51","author":"Jeandrot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(88)70103-6","article-title":"C-reactive protein levels in venous ulceration: An indication of infection?","volume":"18","author":"Goodfield","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12574","article-title":"Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein to monitor treatment outcomes in diabetic foot osteomyelitis","volume":"14","author":"Jupiter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"752","article-title":"Relationship between C-reactive protein levels and wound infections in elective colorectal surgery: C-reactive protein as a predictor for incisional SSI","volume":"58","author":"Fujii","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/12\/2952\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:54:39Z","timestamp":1760208879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/12\/2952"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,19]]},"references-count":137,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s17122952"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17122952","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,19]]}}}