{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T05:30:28Z","timestamp":1769319028450,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]],"date-time":"2017-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15H03889"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15H03889"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15K13828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15K13828"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16H04507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16H04507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17K18822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17K18822"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A new technique for measuring liquid-level utilizing wedge wave is presented and demonstrated through FEM simulation and a corresponding experiment. The velocities of wedge waves in the air and the water, and the sensitivities for the measurement, are compared with the simulation and the results obtained in the experiments. Combining the simulation and the measurement theory, it is verified that the foundation framework for the methods is available. The liquid-level sensing is carried out using the aluminum waveguide with a 30\u00b0 wedge in the water. The liquid-level is proportional to the traveling time of the mode 1 wedge wave. The standard deviations and the uncertainties of the measurement are 0.65 mm and 0.21 mm using interface echo, and 0.39 mm and 0.12 mm utilized by end echo, which are smaller than the industry standard of 1.5 mm. The measurement resolutions are 7.68 \u03bcm using the interface echo, which is the smallest among all the guided acoustic wave-based liquid-level sensing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]],"date-time":"2017-12-21T12:16:14Z","timestamp":1513858574000},"page":"2","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Measuring Liquid-Level Utilizing Wedge Wave"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6401-1345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwao","family":"Matsuya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Niigata 940-2188, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yudai","family":"Honma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Niigata 940-2188, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Niigata 940-2188, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ikuo","family":"Ihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Niigata 940-2188, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.47.2141","article-title":"Fiber-Liquid-Level Sensor Based on a Fiber Bragg Grating","volume":"47","author":"Sheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Jpn. 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