{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T03:58:53Z","timestamp":1775361533675,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]],"date-time":"2017-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31671578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31671578"]}]},{"name":"National High Technology Research and Development Program of China","award":["2013AA102302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013AA102302"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016 XD001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016 XD001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZR2015CM016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2015CM016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The quality and safety of agricultural products are threatened by heavy metal ions in soil, which can be absorbed by the crops, and then accumulated in the human body through the food chain. In this paper, we report a low-cost and easy-to-use screen-printed electrode (SPE) for cadmium ion (Cd(II)) detection based on differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which decorated with ionic liquid (IL), magnetite nanoparticle (Fe3O4), and deposited a bismuth film (Bi). The characteristics of Bi\/Fe3O4\/ILSPE were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, and linear sweep voltammetry. We found that the sensitivity of SPE was improved dramatically after functionalized with Bi\/Fe3O4\/IL. Under optimized conditions, the concentrations of Cd(II) are linear with current responses in a range from 0.5 to 40 \u00b5g\/L with the lowest detection limit of 0.05 \u00b5g\/L (S\/N = 3). Additionally, the internal standard normalization (ISN) was used to process the response signals of Bi\/Fe3O4\/ILSPE and established a new linear equation. For detecting three different Cd(II) concentrations, the root-mean-square error using ISN (0.25) is lower than linear method (0.36). Finally, the proposed electrode was applied to trace Cd(II) in soil samples with the recovery in the range from 91.77 to 107.83%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]],"date-time":"2017-12-21T12:16:14Z","timestamp":1513858574000},"page":"6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Screen-Printed Electrode Modified by Bismuth \/Fe3O4 Nanoparticle\/Ionic Liquid Composite Using Internal Standard Normalization for Accurate Determination of Cd(II) in Soil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agricultural of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Guo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agricultural of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agricultural of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agricultural of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.09.005","article-title":"Concentrations and health risk assessment of trace elements in animal-derived food in southern China","volume":"144","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2015.08.004","article-title":"The dynamic simulation of rice growth parameters under cadmium stress with the assimilation of multi-period spectral indices and crop model","volume":"183","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-4974-8","article-title":"Human health risks due to heavy metals through consumption of wild mushrooms from Macheke forest, Rail Block forest and Muganyi communal lands in Zimbabwe","volume":"187","author":"Nharingo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. 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