{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T03:20:43Z","timestamp":1768447243294,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]],"date-time":"2017-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a novel experimental design for complex structural health monitoring (SHM) studies achieved by integrating 3D printing technologies, high-resolution laser displacement sensors, and multiscale entropy SHM theory. A seven-story structure with a variety of composite bracing systems was constructed using a dual-material 3D printer. A wireless Bluetooth vibration speaker was used to excite the ground floor of the structure, and high-resolution laser displacement sensors (1-\u03bcm resolution) were used to monitor the displacement history on different floors. Our results showed that the multiscale entropy SHM method could detect damage on the 3D-printed structures. The results of this study demonstrate that integrating 3D printing technologies and high-resolution laser displacement sensors enables the design of cheap, fast processing, complex, small-scale civil structures for future SHM studies. The novel experimental design proposed in this study provides a suitable platform for investigating the validity and sensitivity of SHM in different composite structures and damage conditions for real life applications in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]],"date-time":"2017-12-22T11:38:04Z","timestamp":1513942684000},"page":"19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Integration of High-Resolution Laser Displacement Sensors and 3D Printing for Structural Health Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Shu-Wei","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Da\u2019an Dist., Taipei 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2618-3832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tzu-Kang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, No. 1001, Daxue Rd., East Dist., Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shih-Yu","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Da\u2019an Dist., Taipei 106, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, No. 1001, Daxue Rd., East Dist., Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting-Hsuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, No. 1001, Daxue Rd., East Dist., Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2013.11.017","article-title":"Bone tissue engineering using 3D printing","volume":"16","author":"Bose","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. 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