{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T05:28:26Z","timestamp":1769578106333,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]],"date-time":"2017-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of a voltammetric electronic tongue for the quantitative analysis of quality parameters in spring water is proposed here. The electronic voltammetric tongue consisted of a set of four noble electrodes (iridium, rhodium, platinum, and gold) housed inside a stainless steel cylinder. These noble metals have a high durability and are not demanding for maintenance, features required for the development of future automated equipment. A pulse voltammetry study was conducted in 83 spring water samples to determine concentrations of nitrate (range: 6.9\u2013115 mg\/L), sulfate (32\u2013472 mg\/L), fluoride (0.08\u20130.26 mg\/L), chloride (17\u2013190 mg\/L), and sodium (11\u201394 mg\/L) as well as pH (7.3\u20137.8). These parameters were also determined by routine analytical methods in spring water samples. A partial least squares (PLS) analysis was run to obtain a model to predict these parameter. Orthogonal signal correction (OSC) was applied in the preprocessing step. Calibration (67%) and validation (33%) sets were selected randomly. The electronic tongue showed good predictive power to determine the concentrations of nitrate, sulfate, chloride, and sodium as well as pH and displayed a lower R2 and slope in the validation set for fluoride. Nitrate and fluoride concentrations were estimated with errors lower than 15%, whereas chloride, sulfate, and sodium concentrations as well as pH were estimated with errors below 10%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]],"date-time":"2017-12-26T03:06:38Z","timestamp":1514257598000},"page":"40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Quantitative Determination of Spring Water Quality Parameters via Electronic Tongue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8873-6503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"No\u00e8lia","family":"Carb\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigaci\u00f3n de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia-Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"L\u00f3pez Carrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigaci\u00f3n de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia-Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Garcia-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociedad de Fomento Agr\u00edcola Castellonense (FACSA), C\/Mayor 82-84, 12001 Castell\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5591-4534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Tormos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociedad de Fomento Agr\u00edcola Castellonense (FACSA), C\/Mayor 82-84, 12001 Castell\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Estela","family":"Olivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociedad de Fomento Agr\u00edcola Castellonense (FACSA), C\/Mayor 82-84, 12001 Castell\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Folch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociedad de Fomento Agr\u00edcola Castellonense (FACSA), C\/Mayor 82-84, 12001 Castell\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Alca\u00f1iz Fillol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigaci\u00f3n de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia-Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda del Dise\u00f1o, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s\/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigaci\u00f3n de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia-Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s\/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5873-9674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Mart\u00ednez-M\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigaci\u00f3n de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia-Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s\/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BNN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad Mixta de Investigaci\u00f3n en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, IIS La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigaci\u00f3n en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Pr\u00edncipe Felipe, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8526-4413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Bisbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigaci\u00f3n de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia-Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BNN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad Mixta de Investigaci\u00f3n en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, IIS La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2010.10.027","article-title":"Multicomponent analysis of drinking water by a voltammetric electronic tongue","volume":"683","author":"Winquist","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. 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