{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T19:51:30Z","timestamp":1768420290438,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]],"date-time":"2017-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We proposed a new method for gas detection in photoacoustic spectroscopy based on acousto-optic Q-switched fiber laser by merging a transmission PAS cell (resonant frequency f0 = 5.3 kHz) inside the fiber laser cavity. The Q-switching was achieved by an acousto-optic modulator, achieving a peak pulse power of ~679 mW in the case of the acousto-optic modulation signal with an optimized duty ratio of 10%. We used a custom-made fiber Bragg grating with a central wavelength of 1530.37 nm (the absorption peak of C2H2) to select the laser wavelength. The system achieved a linear response (R2 = 0.9941) in a concentration range from 400 to 7000 ppmv, and the minimum detection limit compared to that of a conventional intensity modulation system was enhanced by 94.2 times.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]],"date-time":"2017-12-26T03:06:38Z","timestamp":1514257598000},"page":"42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Acousto-Optic Q-Switched Fiber Laser-Based Intra-Cavity Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for Trace Gas Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9396-8093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinduan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Application, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Application, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9875-7500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zongliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics Science and Information Technology and Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fupeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Application, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zengguang","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Application, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1117\/12.238516","article-title":"Photoacoustic measurements of air pollutant gases with a CO2 waveguide laser","volume":"2773","author":"Zalesskaya","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/1350-4495(94)00093-Z","article-title":"New developments in CO2-laser photoacoustic monitoring of trace gases","volume":"36","author":"Sigrist","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-007-2846-9","article-title":"Application of quantum cascade lasers to trace gas analysis","volume":"90","author":"Kosterev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2005.11.002","article-title":"New improvements in methane detection using a Helmholtz resonant photoacoustic laser sensor: A comparison between near-IR diode lasers and mid-IR quantum cascade lasers","volume":"63","author":"Grossel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2004.01.013","article-title":"Investigation of erbium-doped fiber laser intra-cavity absorption sensor for gas detection","volume":"232","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5354","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.005354","article-title":"Correction to the Beer-Lambert-Bouguer law for optical absorption","volume":"47","author":"Abitan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.03.020","article-title":"TDLAS gas sensing system utilizing fiber reflector based round-trip structure: Double absorption path-length, residual amplitude modulation removal","volume":"259","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A-Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031107","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4974483","article-title":"Ultra-high sensitive acetylene detection using quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy with a fiber amplified diode laser and a 30.72 kHz quartz tuning fork","volume":"110","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04110","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2000341","article-title":"Optical enhancement of diode laser-photoacoustic trace gas detection by means of external Fabry-Perot cavity","volume":"87","author":"Rossi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojtas, J., Gluszek, A., Hudzikowski, A., and Tittel, F.K. (2017). Mid-infrared trace gas sensor technology based on intracavity quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030513"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.002114","article-title":"Fiber-ring laser-based intracavity photoacoustic spectroscopy for trace gas sensing","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1106","article-title":"Q-switching of an all-fiber laser by acousto-optic modulation of a fiber Bragg grating","volume":"3","author":"Zalvidea","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, W., Petersen, E., Fang, Q., Kieu, K., Chavez-Pirson, A., Peyghambarian, N., and Yu, J.R. (2012). mJ-level 2 um Transform-limited Nanosecond Pulses Based on Highly Tm-doped Germanate Fibers. OSA Technical Digest, Optical Society of America.","DOI":"10.1364\/FILAS.2012.FTh4A.1"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6933","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.51.006933","article-title":"6 mJ, high-average-power, all-fiberized Q-switched fiber master oscillator power amplifier with low repetition rate","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29249","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.029249","article-title":"Linearly-polarized short-pulse AOM Q-switched 978 nm photonic crystal fiber laser: Errata","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143701","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4945711","article-title":"Q-switched Erbium-doped fiber laser at 1600 nm for photoacoustic imaging application","volume":"108","author":"Piao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38674","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38674","article-title":"Development of a Fiber Laser with Independently Adjustable Properties for Optical Resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy","volume":"6","author":"Demirkiran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.11.026","article-title":"Selective acetylene detection through surface modification of metal\u2013insulator\u2013semiconductor sensors with alkanethiolate monolayers","volume":"136","author":"Marshall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.03.007","article-title":"Experimental and modeling studies of acetylene detection in hydrogen\/acetylene mixtures on PdM bimetallic metal\u2013insulator\u2013semiconductor devices","volume":"156","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2009.02.013","article-title":"The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database","volume":"110","author":"Rothman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00425997","article-title":"The limits of signal averaging in atmospheric trace-gas monitoring by tunable diode-laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS)","volume":"57","author":"Werle","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-4018(00)01066-X","article-title":"Dynamics and stabilization of a high power side-pumped Yb-doped double-clad fiber laser","volume":"186","author":"Hideur","year":"2000","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-010-3995-9","article-title":"Fiber laser intracavity absorption spectroscopy for in situ multicomponent gas analysis in the atmosphere and combustion environments","volume":"102","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/42\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:55:30Z","timestamp":1760208930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/42"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s18010042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18010042","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]]}}}