{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T18:49:09Z","timestamp":1777488549158,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]],"date-time":"2017-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea government (MSIT)","award":["B0117161001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B0117161001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on \u201ccapillary enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)\u201d, we produced highly sensitive and rapid assays, which are the major attributes for point-of-care applications. First, in order to understand the size effect of AuNPs, AuNPs of varying diameters (5 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, and 50 nm) conjugated with Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP)-labeled anti-C reactive protein (antiCRP) (AuNP\u2022antiCRP-HRP) were used for well-plate ELISA. AuNP of 10 nm produced the largest optical density, enabling detection of 0.1 ng\/mL of CRP with only 30 s of incubation, in contrast to 10 ng\/mL for the ELISA run in the absence of AuNP. Then, AuNP of 10 nm conjugated with antiCRP-HRP (AuNP\u2022antiCRP-HRP) was used for \u201ccapillary ELISA\u201d to detect as low as 0.1 ng\/mL of CRP. Also, kinetic study on both 96-well plates and in a capillary tube using antiCRP-HRP or AuNP\u2022antiCRP-HRP showed a synergistic effect between AuNP and the capillary system, in which the fastest assay was observed from the \u201cAuNP capillary ELISA\u201d, with its maximum absorbance reaching 2.5 min, while the slowest was the typical well-plate ELISA with its maximum absorbance reaching in 13.5 min.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]],"date-time":"2017-12-26T11:13:23Z","timestamp":1514286803000},"page":"55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Synergistic Use of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) and \u201cCapillary Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)\u201d for High Sensitivity and Fast Assays"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Wan-Joong","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical-Device Lab, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 305-700, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyo","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical-Device Lab, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 305-700, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6536-7215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bongjin","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical-Device Lab, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 305-700, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sangwon","family":"Byun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JaeDoo","family":"Huh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hyper-connected Basic Research Lab, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 305-700, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical-Device Lab, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 305-700, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6239","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00125G","article-title":"Point-of-care biochemical assays using gold nanoparticle-implemented microfluidics","volume":"43","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.10.075","article-title":"Advances in paper-based point-of-care diagnostics","volume":"54","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1021\/ac503968p","article-title":"Recent developments in paper-based microfluidic devices","volume":"87","author":"Cate","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2013.05.021","article-title":"Capillary-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for highly sensitive detection of thrombin-cleaved osteopontin in plasma","volume":"440","author":"Funano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.04.072","article-title":"Sensitive \u201ccapillary elisa\u201d via vapor-phase surface modification","volume":"233","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.05.042","article-title":"Autonomous capillary microfluidic system with embedded optics for improved troponin I cardiac biomarker detection","volume":"61","author":"Mohammed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AN01781A","article-title":"A single-step enzyme immunoassay capillary sensor composed of functional multilayer coatings for the diagnosis of marker proteins","volume":"140","author":"Funano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4304","DOI":"10.1039\/c3lc50775k","article-title":"Design of a single-step immunoassay principle based on the combination of an enzyme-labeled antibody release coating and a hydrogel copolymerized with a fluorescent enzyme substrate in a microfluidic capillary device","volume":"13","author":"Wakayama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.05.001","article-title":"Fabrication and packaging of a mass-producible capillary-assembled microchip for simple and multiplexed bioassay","volume":"218","author":"Henares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4267","DOI":"10.1039\/c0lc00357c","article-title":"A simple device for multiplex ELISA made from melt-extruded plastic microcapillary film","volume":"11","author":"Edwards","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5812","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200460446","article-title":"The catalytic activity of \u201cnaked\u201d gold particles","volume":"43","author":"Comotti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1021\/ac902492c","article-title":"Enhanced gold nanoparticle based ELISA for a breast cancer biomarker","volume":"82","author":"Ambrosi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.11.032","article-title":"BSA-stabilized Pt nanozyme for peroxidase mimetics and its application on colorimetric detection of mercury(II) ions","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2007.260","article-title":"Intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of ferromagnetic nanoparticles","volume":"2","author":"Gao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200903783","article-title":"Graphene oxide: Intrinsic peroxidase catalytic activity and its application to glucose detection","volume":"22","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6060","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs35486e","article-title":"Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes): Next-generation artificial enzymes","volume":"42","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repc.2012.02.018","article-title":"High-sensitivity C-reactive protein as a biomarker of risk in coronary artery disease","volume":"31","author":"Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"370","article-title":"Coming of age of C-reactive protein","volume":"107","author":"Yeh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Using Inflamm. Mark. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.02.040","article-title":"Recent advances in salivary cancer diagnostics enabled by biosensors and bioelectronics","volume":"81","author":"Mishra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00021-13","article-title":"Salivary biomarkers: Toward future clinical and diagnostic utilities","volume":"26","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2011.07.013","article-title":"One-step homogeneous C-reactive protein assay for saliva","volume":"373","author":"Punyadeera","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.06.128","article-title":"Highly sensitive detection of cardiac troponin I in human serum using gold nanoparticle-based enhanced sandwich immunoassay","volume":"221","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9343","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cp40792b","article-title":"Size dependent catalysis with CTAB-stabilized gold nanoparticles","volume":"14","author":"Fenger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4591","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ay40771c","article-title":"Quantitation of IgG protein adsorption to gold nanoparticles using particle size measurement","volume":"5","author":"Bell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4505","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR07056A","article-title":"Size-dependent tuning of horseradish peroxidase bioreactivity by gold nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/55\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:55:38Z","timestamp":1760208938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/55"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s18010055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18010055","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]]}}}