{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T04:09:14Z","timestamp":1782187754605,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]],"date-time":"2017-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["703185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["703185"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000305","name":"NERC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NER\/B\/S\/2001\/00339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NER\/B\/S\/2001\/00339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000305","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The influence of graphene oxide (GO) over the features of an optical fiber ethanol sensor based on lossy mode resonances (LMR) has been studied in this work. Four different sensors were built with this aim, each comprising a multimode optical fiber core fragment coated with a SnO2 thin film. Layer by layer (LbL) coatings made of 1, 2 and 4 bilayers of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and graphene oxide were deposited onto three of these devices and their behavior as aqueous ethanol sensors was characterized and compared with the sensor without GO. The sensors with GO showed much better performance with a maximum sensitivity enhancement of 176% with respect to the sensor without GO. To our knowledge, this is the first time that GO has been used to make an optical fiber sensor based on LMR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]],"date-time":"2017-12-27T11:16:00Z","timestamp":1514373360000},"page":"58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Graphene Oxide in Lossy Mode Resonance-Based Optical Fiber Sensors for Ethanol Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7878-4704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Hernaez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Mayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1083-3896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Melendi-Espina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Division, School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102896","article-title":"Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films","volume":"306","author":"Novoselov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernaez, M., Zamarreno, C.R., Melendi-Espina, S., Bird, L.R., Mayes, A.G., and Arregui, F.J. (2017). Optical fibre sensors using graphene-based materials: A review. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010155"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.04.062","article-title":"Recent advances in graphene based gas sensors","volume":"218","author":"Varghese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.03.026","article-title":"Review on the graphene based optical fiber chemical and biological sensors","volume":"231","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sensor Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tung, T.T., Nine, M.J., Krebsz, M., Pasinszki, T., Coghlan, C.J., Tran, D.N.H., and Losic, D. (2017). Recent advances in sensing applications of graphene assemblies and their composites. Adv. Funct. Mater.","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201702891"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.0082.921915","article-title":"Fiber-optic sensing: A historical perspective","volume":"26","author":"Culshaw","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elosua, C., Arregui, F.J., Del Villar, I., Ruiz-Zamarre\u00f1o, C., Corres, J.M., Bariain, C., Goicoechea, J., Hernaez, M., Rivero, P.J., and Socorro, A.B. (2017). Micro and nanostructured materials for the development of optical fibre sensors. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102312"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.01.054","article-title":"From conventional sensors to fibre optic sensors for strain and force measurements in biomechanics applications: A review","volume":"47","author":"Roriz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1021\/ac303159b","article-title":"Fiber-optic chemical sensors and biosensors (2008\u20132012)","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-014-8411-6","article-title":"Review of plasmonic fiber optic biochemical sensors: Improving the limit of detection","volume":"407","author":"Caucheteur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(98)00321-9","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance sensors: Review","volume":"54","author":"Homola","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.08.126","article-title":"Optical sensors based on lossy-mode resonances","volume":"240","author":"Arregui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5361","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2448123","article-title":"Lossy mode resonance (LMR) based fiber optic sensors: A review","volume":"15","author":"Paliwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2017.07.009","article-title":"A comprehensive review of lossy mode resonance-based fiber optic sensors","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-j.1993.0040","article-title":"Analysis of lossy mode cut-off conditions in planar waveguides with semiconductor guiding layer","volume":"140","author":"Marciniak","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEE Proc. Part J Optoelectron."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1080\/09500349708230726","article-title":"Determination of the optical permittivity and thickness of absorbing films using long range modes","volume":"44","author":"Yang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mod. Opt."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"3351","article-title":"Generation of lossy mode resonances with absorbing thin-films","volume":"28","author":"Zamarreno","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"095503","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8978\/12\/9\/095503","article-title":"Generation of lossy mode resonances by deposition of high-refractive-index coatings on uncladded multimode optical fibers","volume":"12","author":"Zamarreno","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4298","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.51.004298","article-title":"Design rules for lossy mode resonance based sensors","volume":"51","author":"Hernaez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Villar, I., Socorro, A.B., Hernaez, M., Corres, J.M., Zamarreno, C.R., Sanchez, P., Arregui, F.J., and Matias, I.R. (2015). Sensors based on thin-film coated cladding removed multimode optical fiber and single-mode multimode single-mode fiber: A comparative study. J. Sens.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/763762"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arasu, P.T., Noor, A.S.M., Shabaneh, A.A., Girei, S.H., Mahdi, M.A., Lim, H.N., Abdul Rashid, H.A., and Yaacob, M.H. (2014). Absorbance properties of gold coated fiber bragg grating sensor for aqueous ethanol. J. Eur. Opt. Soc., 9.","DOI":"10.2971\/jeos.2014.14018"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.03.048","article-title":"A rapid method for simultaneously determining ethanol and methanol content in wines by full evaporation headspace gas chromatography","volume":"183","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2015.12.176","article-title":"Highly stable and selective ethanol sensor based on \u03b1-Fe2O3 nanoparticles prepared by pechini sol-gel method","volume":"42","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2010.10.058","article-title":"Toluidine blue adsorbed on alcohol dehydrogenase modified glassy carbon electrode for voltammetric determination of ethanol","volume":"83","author":"Periasamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosli, M.A.A., Arasu, P.T., Lim, H.N., and Noor, A.S.M. (2016, January 14\u201316). Dynamic Response of Tapered Optical Fiber Coated with Graphene Oxide for Detecting Aqueous Ethanol. Proceedings of the IEEE 6th International Conference on Photonics (ICP), Kuching, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICP.2016.7510029"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s41476-017-0056-6","article-title":"Increased sensitivity of Au-Pd nanolayer on tapered optical fiber sensor for detecting aqueous ethanol","volume":"13","author":"Noor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Opt. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15808","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA22211G","article-title":"Absorbance response of a graphene oxide coated u-bent optical fiber sensor for aqueous ethanol detection","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2016.05.081","article-title":"Fiber bragg grating assisted surface plasmon resonance sensor with graphene oxide sensing layer","volume":"380","author":"Arasu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.09.035","article-title":"Silver\/graphene nanocomposite-modified optical fiber sensor platform for ethanol detection in water medium","volume":"206","author":"Aziz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2014.06.035","article-title":"Reflectance response of tapered optical fiber coated with graphene oxide nanostructured thin film for aqueous ethanol sensing","volume":"331","author":"Shabaneh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10043-015-0075-8","article-title":"Tapered optical fiber coated with graphene based nanomaterials for measurement of ethanol concentrations in water","volume":"22","author":"Girei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2012.5335","article-title":"Monitoring the layer-by-layer self-assembly of graphene and graphene oxide by spectroscopic ellipsometry","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5330.1232","article-title":"Fuzzy nanoassemblies: Toward layered polymeric multicomposites","volume":"277","author":"Decher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/0095-8522(66)90018-3","article-title":"Multilayers of colloidal particles","volume":"21","author":"Iler","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.06.150","article-title":"Fabrication of positively charged nanofiltration membrane via the layer-by-layer assembly of graphene oxide and polyethylenimine for desalination","volume":"387","author":"Nan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.05.065","article-title":"Optical fiber refractometers based on lossy mode resonances by means of sno2 sputtered coatings","volume":"202","author":"Sanchez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1021\/ac9509115","article-title":"Holographic sensor for water in solvents","volume":"68","author":"Blyth","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/58\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:55:41Z","timestamp":1760208941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/58"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s18010058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18010058","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]]}}}