{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T14:03:10Z","timestamp":1782741790966,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,28]],"date-time":"2017-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015\/17\/D\/ST8\/01294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/17\/D\/ST8\/01294"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional techniques of active thermography require an external source of energy used for excitation, usually in the form of high power lamps or ultrasonic devices. In this paper, the author presents an alternative approach based on the self-heating effect observable in polymer-based structures during cyclic loading. The presented approach is based on, firstly, determination of bending resonance frequencies of a tested structure, and then, on excitation of a structure with a multi-harmonic signal constructed from the harmonics with frequencies of determined resonances. Following this, heating-up of a tested structure occurs in the location of stress concentration and mechanical energy dissipation due to the viscoelastic response of a structure. By applying multi-harmonic signal, one ensures coverage of the structure by such heated regions. The concept is verified experimentally on artificially damaged composite specimens. The results demonstrate the presented approach and indicate its potential, especially when traditional methods of excitation with an external structure for thermographic inspection cannot be applied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,28]],"date-time":"2017-12-28T11:24:33Z","timestamp":1514460273000},"page":"74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["A Concept of Thermographic Method for Non-Destructive Testing of Polymeric Composite Structures Using Self-Heating Effect"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9386-5104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Katunin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamentals of Machinery Design, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2016.01.006","article-title":"Polymer-matrix composites carbon-fibre characterization and damage inspection using selectively heating thermography (SeHT) through electromagnetic induction","volume":"140","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2015.03.003","article-title":"Review of pulsed thermal NDT: Physical principles, theory and data processing","volume":"73","author":"Vavilov","year":"2015","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stinchcomb, W.W., Duke, J.C., Henneke, E.G., and Reifsnider, K.L. (1980). The mechanics of vibrothermography. Mechanics of Nondestructive Testing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-3857-4"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-624X(81)90095-0","article-title":"Thermographic investigation of high-power ultrasonic heating in materials","volume":"19","author":"Mignogna","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"178","article-title":"Ultrasound excited thermography using frequency modulated elastic waves","volume":"45","author":"Zweschper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Insight Non-Destr. Test. Cond. Monit."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2013.07.011","article-title":"FEM modeling of ultrasonic vibrothermography of a damaged plate and qualitative study of heating mechanisms","volume":"61","author":"Hedayatrasa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2013.08.003","article-title":"Crack detection in aluminum parts by using ultrasound-excited infrared thermography","volume":"61","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.1483","article-title":"Modelling and numerical simulations of vibrothermography for impact damage detection in composites structures","volume":"20","author":"Pieczonka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2014.11.147","article-title":"Impact damage detection in light composite sandwich panels","volume":"88","author":"Pieczonka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2014.10.020","article-title":"Fatigue testing of CFRP in the Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) regime at ultrasonic frequencies","volume":"106","author":"Backe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055042","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/25\/5\/055042","article-title":"Detection of multiple thin surface cracks using vibrothermography with low-power piezoceramic-based ultrasonic actuator\u2014A numerical study with experimental verification","volume":"25","author":"Pavrasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2017.05.041","article-title":"Nonlinear ultrasonic stimulated thermography for damage assessment in isotropic fatigued structures","volume":"404","author":"Fierro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2016.06.013","article-title":"Damage initiation and structural degradation through resonance vibration: Application to composite laminates in fatigue","volume":"132","author":"Magi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2016.09.003","article-title":"Vibration characteristics measurement of beam-like structures using infrared thermography","volume":"79","author":"Talai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2009.01.012","article-title":"Frictional heating model for efficient use of vibrothermography","volume":"42","author":"Mabrouki","year":"2009","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2011.07.012","article-title":"The sources of heat generation in vibrothermography","volume":"44","author":"Renshaw","year":"2011","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2017.05.027","article-title":"Identification of the micro-plasticity mechanisms at the origin of self-heating under cyclic loading with low stress amplitude","volume":"103","author":"Munier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"214","article-title":"Experimental identification of non-stationary self-heating characteristics of laminated composite plates under resonant vibration","volume":"11","author":"Katunin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kompozyty"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.22134","article-title":"Self-heating of polymeric laminated composite plates under the resonant vibrations: Theoretical and experimental study","volume":"33","author":"Katunin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2013.04.007","article-title":"Correlation between vibrational mode shapes and viscoelastic heat generation in vibrothermography","volume":"58","author":"Montanini","year":"2013","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2016.04.004","article-title":"Absorptive viscoelastic coatings for full field vibration coverage measurement in vibrothermography","volume":"82","author":"Vaddi","year":"2016","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Katunin, A. (2017). Method of Non-Destructive Testing of Polymeric Materials, Especially Composite Materials with Polymeric Matrix (In Polish). (Patent Application No. P.421879), Polish Patent Office."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/74\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:55:54Z","timestamp":1760208954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/74"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,28]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s18010074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18010074","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,28]]}}}