{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T05:45:14Z","timestamp":1773294314160,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a flexible wireless electronic skin (e-skin) sensor system that includes a multi-functional sensor device, a triple-mode reconfigurable readout integrated circuit (ROIC), and a mobile monitoring interface. The e-skin device\u2019s multi-functionality is achieved by an interlocked micro-dome array structure that uses a polyvinylidene fluoride and reduced graphene oxide (PVDF\/RGO) composite material that is inspired by the structure and functions of the human fingertip. For multi-functional implementation, the proposed triple-mode ROIC is reconfigured to support piezoelectric, piezoresistance, and pyroelectric interfaces through single-type e-skin sensor devices. A flexible system prototype was developed and experimentally verified to provide various wireless wearable sensing functions\u2014including pulse wave, voice, chewing\/swallowing, breathing, knee movements, and temperature\u2014while their real-time sensed data are displayed on a smartphone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T10:58:47Z","timestamp":1514545127000},"page":"78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["A Triple-Mode Flexible E-Skin Sensor Interface for Multi-Purpose Wearable Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sung-Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youngoh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonghwa","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seungmok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heeyoung","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyunhyub","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4581-4115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2309951","article-title":"Unobtrusive Sensing and Wearable Devices for Health Informatics","volume":"61","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6618","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06618","article-title":"Tissue-Informative Mechanism for Wearable Non-invasive Continuous Blood Pressure Monitoring","volume":"5","author":"Woo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2016.2626239","article-title":"A Multi-Sensor Mobile Interface for Industrial Environment and Healthcare Monitoring","volume":"64","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500169","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201500169","article-title":"Recent progress in electronic skin","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2011.184","article-title":"Skin-like pressure and strain sensors based on transparent elastic films of carbon nanotubes","volume":"6","author":"Lipomi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotech."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12020","DOI":"10.1021\/nn505953t","article-title":"Tactile-direction-sensitive and stretchable electronic skins based on human-skin-inspired interlocked microstructures","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS. Nano"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6206","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201601237","article-title":"Flexible Textile Strain Wireless Sensor Functionalized with Hybrid Carbon Nanomaterials Supported ZnO Nanowires with Controlled Aspect Ratio","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14002","article-title":"Ultrasensitive mechanical crack-based sensor inspired by the spider sensory system","volume":"516","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7887","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07887","article-title":"Highly sensitive and multifunctional tactile sensor using free-standing ZnO\/PVDF thin film with graphene electrodes for pressure and temperature monitoring","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5997","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201302240","article-title":"25th Anniversary article: The evolution of electronic skin (E-skin): A brief history, design considerations, and recent progress","volume":"25","author":"Hammock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K., Choi, Y.Y., Kim, D.J., Chae, H.Y., Park, K., Oh, Y.M., Woo, S.H., and Kim, J.J. (2017). A wireless ExG interface for patch-type ECG holter and EMG-controlled robot hand. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081888"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1500661","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500661","article-title":"Fingertip skin-inspired microstructured ferroelectric skins discriminate static\/dynamic pressure and temperature stimuli","volume":"1","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1109\/5.542410","article-title":"Circuit Techniques for Reducing the Effects of Op-Amp Imperfections: Autozeroing, Correlated Double Sampling, and Chopper Stabilization","volume":"84","author":"Enz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"418","article-title":"Two-stage differential charge and transresistance amplifiers","volume":"65","author":"Massarotto","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2004.10.009","article-title":"Clinical measurement of arterial stiffness obtained from noninvasive pressure waveforms","volume":"18","author":"Nichols","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162174","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1947.152.1.162","article-title":"Physiological studies of the effects of intermittent positive pressure breathing on cardiac output in man","volume":"152","author":"Cournand","year":"1947","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7901","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b03813","article-title":"High-performance strain sensors with fishscale-like graphene-sensing layers for fullrange detection of human motions","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201304248","article-title":"Silk-molded flexible, ultrasensitive, and highly stable electronic skin for monitoring human physiological signals","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Sazonov, E., and Neuman, M. (2014). Wearable Sensors, Elsevier. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1039\/c3nr05496a","article-title":"Wearable multifunctional sensors using printed stretchable conductors made of silver nanowires","volume":"6","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2011.36","article-title":"A stretchable carbon nanotube strain sensor for human-motion detection","volume":"6","author":"Yamada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.01.044","article-title":"Soft, conformal bioelectronics for a wireless human-wheelchair interface","volume":"91","author":"Mishra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/78\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:55:58Z","timestamp":1760208958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/78"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s18010078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18010078","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]]}}}