{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:16:55Z","timestamp":1760242615869,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vehicular nodes are equipped with more and more sensing units, and a large amount of sensing data is generated. Recently, more and more research considers cooperative urban sensing as the heart of intelligent and green city traffic management. The key components of the platform will be a combination of a pervasive vehicular sensing system, as well as a central control and analysis system, where data-gathering is a fundamental component. However, the data-gathering and monitoring are also challenging issues in vehicular sensor networks because of the large amount of data and the dynamic nature of the network. In this paper, we propose an efficient continuous event-monitoring and data-gathering framework based on fog nodes in vehicular sensor networks. A fog-based two-level threshold strategy is adopted to suppress unnecessary data upload and transmissions. In the monitoring phase, nodes sense the environment in low cost sensing mode and generate sensed data. When the probability of the event is high and exceeds some threshold, nodes transfer to the event-checking phase, and some nodes would be selected to transfer to the deep sensing mode to generate more accurate data of the environment. Furthermore, it adaptively adjusts the threshold to upload a suitable amount of data for decision making, while at the same time suppressing unnecessary message transmissions. Simulation results showed that the proposed scheme could reduce more than 84 percent of the data transmissions compared with other existing algorithms, while it detects the events and gathers the event data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T10:58:47Z","timestamp":1514545127000},"page":"82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Fog-Based Two-Phase Event Monitoring and Data Gathering in Vehicular Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2883-0781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongxuan","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Siming District, Xiamen 360000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Siming District, Xiamen 360000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinsong","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Siming District, Xiamen 360000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qifeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Siming District, Xiamen 360000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 360000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Siming District, Xiamen 360000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Siming District, Xiamen 360000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2013.02.036","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on vehicular Ad Hoc Network","volume":"37","author":"Zedan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"A systematic review on routing protocols for vehicular Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"1","author":"Dua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veh. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Chen, X., Liu, A., and Hu, C. (2017). A latency and coverage optimized data collection scheme for smart cities based on vehicular Ad-hoc networks. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040888"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, D., and Delgrossi, L. (2008, January 11\u201314). IEEE 802.11 p: Towards an International Standard for Wireless access in Vehicular Environments. Proceedings of the Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring 2008), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2008.458"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/WC-M.2006.250354","article-title":"The scalability problem of vehicular Ad Hoc Networks and how to solve it","volume":"13","author":"Kosch","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23218","DOI":"10.3390\/s150923218","article-title":"Adaptive data-gathering in mobile sensor networks using speedy mobile elements","volume":"15","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-015-0995-z","article-title":"Data gathering and offloading in delay tolerant mobile networks","volume":"22","author":"Lai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wang, T., Zeng, J., Lai, Y., Cai, Y., Tian, H., Chen, Y., and Wang, B. (2017). Data collection from WSNs to the cloud based on mobile Fog elements. Future Gener. Comput. Syst., in press."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2008.928899","article-title":"Dissemination and harvesting of urban data using vehicular sensing platforms","volume":"58","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Intel (2017, December 26). Technology and Computing Requirements for Self-Driving Cars. Available online: https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/automotive\/driving-safety-advanced-driver-assistance-systems-self-driving-technology-paper.html."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., and Addepalli, S. (2012, January 17). Fog Computing and its Role in the Internet of Things. Proceedings of the First Edition of the MCC Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing, Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.1145\/2342509.2342513"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, J., Wang, T., Lai, Y., Liang, J., and Chen, H. (2016, January 13\u201316). Data Delivery from WSNs to Cloud based on a Fog Structure. Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Cloud and Big Data, Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CBD.2016.028"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2017.26","article-title":"Challenges and software architecture for fog computing","volume":"21","author":"Hao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aazam, M., and Huh, E.N. (2014, January 27\u201329). Fog Computing and Smart Gateway based Communication for Cloud of Things. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud (FiCloud), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/FiCloud.2014.83"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/WC-M.2006.250358","article-title":"Mobeyes: Smart mobs for urban monitoring with a vehicular sensor network","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Hull, B., Bychkovsky, V., Zhang, Y., Chen, K., Goraczko, M., Miu, A., Shih, E., Balakrishnan, H., and Madden, S. (November, January 31). CarTel: A Distributed Mobile Sensor Computing System. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Boulder, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2011.06.008","article-title":"Delay-bounded data-gathering in urban vehicular sensor networks","volume":"8","author":"Palazzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delot, T., Mitton, N., Ilarri, S., and Hien, T. (2011, January 6\u20139). Decentralized Pull-based Information Gathering in Vehicular Networks Using GeoVanet. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE 12th International Conference on Mobile Data Management, Lulea, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1109\/MDM.2011.38"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2011.12.007","article-title":"Selective data collection in vehicular networks for traffic control applications","volume":"23","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2011.2159857","article-title":"Efficient data propagation in traffic-monitoring vehicular networks","volume":"12","author":"Skordylis","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"259","article-title":"Building, sharing and exploiting spatio-temporal aggregates in vehicular networks","volume":"10","author":"Zekri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mob. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2010.11.008","article-title":"A new paradigm for urban surveillance with vehicular sensor networks","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, K., Luo, W., Wang, X., Xie, D., Cao, J., Wen, J., and Xie, G. (2016, January 27\u201330). Decentralized Context Sharing in Vehicular Delay Tolerant Networks with Compressive Sensing. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 36th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), Nara, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2016.83"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7060484","article-title":"An open ecosystem for mobile-cloud convergence","volume":"53","author":"Satyanarayanan","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4621","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2682640","article-title":"Live data analytics with collaborative edge and cloud processing in wireless IoT networks","volume":"5","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2017.2679740","article-title":"Incorporating intelligence in fog computing for big data analysis in smart cities","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eltoweissy, M., Olariu, S., and Younis, M. (2010, January 18\u201320). Towards Autonomous Vehicular Clouds. Proceedings of the International Conference on Ad Hoc Networks, Victoria, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-17994-5_1"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-015-2442-y","article-title":"A paradigm shift from vehicular Ad Hoc Networks to VANET-based clouds","volume":"83","author":"Hussain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1109\/MITS.2013.2240041","article-title":"Finding a STAR in a vehicular cloud","volume":"5","author":"Mershad","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Transp. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1145\/2677046.2677052","article-title":"Finding your way in the fog: Towards a comprehensive definition of fog computing","volume":"44","author":"Vaquero","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S1005-8885(16)60021-3","article-title":"Fog computing for vehicular Ad-hoc networks: Paradigms, scenarios, and issues","volume":"23","author":"Kai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. China Univ. Posts Telecommun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2016.06.031","article-title":"Reliable wireless connections for fast-moving rail users based on a chained fog structure","volume":"379","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7692","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2698078","article-title":"Trajectory privacy preservation based on a fog structure in cloud location services","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menard, S. (2002). Applied Logistic Regression Analysis, Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412983433"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.1996.0520","article-title":"Knowledge-based image understanding systems: A survey","volume":"67","author":"Crevier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Underst."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230198","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/230198","article-title":"Data gathering in opportunistic wireless sensor networks","volume":"8","author":"Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ker\u00e4nen, A., Ott, J., and K\u00e4rkk\u00e4inen, T. (2009, January 2\u20136). The ONE Simulator for DTN Protocol Evaluation. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques (SIMUTools \u201909), Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.4108\/ICST.SIMUTOOLS2009.5674"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindgren, A., Doria, A., and Schel\u00e9n, O. (2004). Probabilistic routing in intermittently connected networks. Service Assurance with Partial and Intermittent Resources, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-27767-5_24"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koubek, M., Rea, S., and Pesch, D. (2010, January 16\u201319). Event Suppression for Safety Message Dissemination in VANETs. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE 71st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 2010-Spring), Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2010.5494204"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2007.901869","article-title":"VADD: Vehicle-assisted data delivery in vehicular Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"57","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/82\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:55:59Z","timestamp":1760208959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/82"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s18010082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18010082","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]]}}}