{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T04:06:50Z","timestamp":1788494810110,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,31]],"date-time":"2017-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41429401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41429401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41631072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41631072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91638203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91638203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41210006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41210006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41174011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41174011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41128003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41128003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41021061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41021061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The solid Earth deforms elastically in response to variations of surface atmosphere, hydrology, and ice\/glacier mass loads. Continuous geodetic observations by Global Positioning System (CGPS) stations and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) record such deformations to estimate seasonal and secular mass changes. In this paper, we present the seasonal variation of the surface mass changes and the crustal vertical deformation in the South China Block (SCB) identified by GPS and GRACE observations with records spanning from 1999 to 2016. We used 33 CGPS stations to construct a time series of coordinate changes, which are decomposed by empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) in SCB. The average weighted root-mean-square (WRMS) reduction is 38% when we subtract GRACE-modeled vertical displacements from GPS time series. The first common mode shows clear seasonal changes, indicating seasonal surface mass re-distribution in and around the South China Block. The correlation between GRACE and GPS time series is analyzed which provides a reference for further improvement of the seasonal variation of CGPS time series. The results of the GRACE observations inversion are the surface deformations caused by the surface mass change load at a rate of about \u22120.4 to \u22120.8 mm\/year, which is used to improve the long-term trend of non-tectonic loads of the GPS vertical velocity field to further explain the crustal tectonic movement in the SCB and surroundings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,3]],"date-time":"2018-01-03T12:00:06Z","timestamp":1514980806000},"page":"99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Temporal\u2013Spatial Surface Seasonal Mass Changes and Vertical Crustal Deformation in South China Block from GPS and GRACE Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Meilin","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9496-346X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanjin","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6683-2342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruizhi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1029\/RG010i003p00761","article-title":"Deformation of the earth by surface loads","volume":"10","author":"Farrell","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL072999","article-title":"Elastic deformation of the Australian continent induced by seasonal water cycles and the 2010\u20132011 La Ni\u00f1a determined using GPS and GRACE","volume":"44","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065328","article-title":"A new global mode of earth deformation: Seasonal cycle detected","volume":"294","author":"Blewitt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JB000573","article-title":"Anatomy of apparent seasonal variations from GPS-derived site position time series","volume":"107","author":"Dong","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"B03404","article-title":"A comparison of annual vertical crustal displacements from GPS and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) over Europe","volume":"112","author":"Wahr","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L15401","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL038718","article-title":"Detecting hydrologic deformation using GRACE and GPS","volume":"36","author":"Tregoning","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"B03407","article-title":"Seasonal and long-term vertical deformation in the Nepal Himalaya constrained by GPS and GRACE measurements","volume":"117","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2015.12.038","article-title":"Vertical crustal movement around the southeastern Tibetan Plateau constrained by GPS and GRACE data","volume":"437","author":"Hao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Y., Shen, W.B., Hwang, C., Liao, C., Zhang, T., and Zhang, G. (2016). Seasonal Mass Changes and Crustal Vertical Deformations Constrained by GPS and GRACE in Northeastern Tibet. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081211"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseaes.2016.11.031","article-title":"Tectonics and Geodynamics of South China: An introductory note","volume":"141","author":"Faure","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Asian Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precamres.2011.03.003","article-title":"Geochronological and geochemical features of the Cathaysia block (South China): New evidence for the Neoproterozoic breakup of Rodinia","volume":"187","author":"Shu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Precambrian Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2014.01.003","article-title":"Detrital zircon U-Pb age and Hf isotope constraints on the generation and reworking of Precambrian continental crust in the Cathaysia Block, south China: A synthesis","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gondwana Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2017.01.009","article-title":"Triassic southeastward subduction of North China Block to South China Block: Insights from new geological, geophysical and geochemical data","volume":"166","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Herring, T., King, R., and McClusky, S. (2010). GAMIT\/GLOBK Reference Manuals, Release 10.4, Massachussetts Institute of Technology."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-007-0135-3","article-title":"Short note: A global model of pressure and temperature for geodetic applications","volume":"81","author":"Heinkelmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03352259","article-title":"Processing aspects related to permanent GPS arrays","volume":"52","author":"Bock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Earth Planets Space"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Petit, G., and Luzum, B. (2010). IERS Conventions 2010, (IERS Technical Note, 36), Verlag des Bundesamts f\u00fcr Kartographie und Geod\u00e4sie."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Herring, T., King, R., and McClusky, S. (2010). GLOBK Reference Manual. Global Kalman Filter VLBI and GPS Analysis Program. Release 10.4, Massachussetts Institute of Technology."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"858","article-title":"Present-day Crustal Movement and Strain Rate in Guangxi Area from GPS Data","volume":"44","author":"Liao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-011-0444-4","article-title":"ITRF2008: An improved solution of the international terrestrial reference frame","volume":"85","author":"Altamimi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"B07402","article-title":"ITRF2008 plate motion model","volume":"117","author":"Altamimi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"B03405","article-title":"Spatiotemporal filtering using principal component analysis and Karhunen-Loeve expansion approaches for regional GPS network analysis","volume":"111","author":"Dong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-002-0283-4","article-title":"The effect of coloured noise on the uncertainties of rates estimated from geodetic time series","volume":"76","author":"Williams","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"B03412","article-title":"Error analysis of continuous GPS position time series","volume":"109","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2010.07.035","article-title":"Time-variable gravity from space and present-day mass redistribution in the Earth system","volume":"298","author":"Cazenave","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, W., Zhong, M., Lemoine, J.-M., Biancale, R., Hsu, H.-T., and Xia, J. (2013). Evaluation of groundwater depletion in North China using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data and ground-based measurements. Water Resour. Res.","DOI":"10.1002\/wrcr.20192"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1002\/2014WR016853","article-title":"Global analysis of approaches for deriving total water storage changes from GRACE satellites","volume":"51","author":"Long","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2014.05.009","article-title":"The use of GRACE data to monitor natural and anthropogenic induced variations in water availability across Africa","volume":"136","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1002\/2013GL058632","article-title":"Ensemble prediction and intercomparison analysis of GRACE time-variable gravity field models","volume":"41","author":"Sakumura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrb.50058","article-title":"Deceleration in Earth\u2019s oblateness","volume":"118","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swenson, S., Chambers, D., and Wahr, J. (2008). Estimating geocenter variations from a combination of GRACE and ocean model output. J. Geophys. Res., 113.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JB005338"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30205","DOI":"10.1029\/98JB02844","article-title":"Time variability of the Earth\u2019s gravity field: Hydrological and oceanic effects and their possible detection using GRACE","volume":"103","author":"Wahr","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swenson, S., and Wahr, J. (2002). Methods for inferring regional surface-mass anomalies from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) measurements of time-variable gravity. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 107.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JB000576"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Nilfouroushan, F., Bagherbandi, M., and Gido, N. (2017, January 5\u20139). Ground Subsidence and groundwater depletion In Iran: Integrated approach Using InSAR and Satellite Gravimetry. Proceedings of the Fringe 2017, the 10th International Workshop on \u201cAdvances in the Science and Applications of SAR Interferometry and Sentinel-1 InSAR\u201d, Helsinki, Finland."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, T.J., and Yu, R.C. (2005). Atmospheric water vapor transport associated with typical anomalous summer rainfall patterns in China. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 110.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005413"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, J., and Li, J. (2011). Influence of El Ni\u00f1o Modoki on spring rainfall over south China. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 116.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD015160"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2011.01.004","article-title":"Climate change effect on hydrological processes over the Yangtze River basin","volume":"244","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, J.C., and Zhou, W. (2005). PDO, ENSO and the early summer monsoon rainfall over south China. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL022015"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-007-0067-7","article-title":"Anomalous harmonics in the spectra of gps position estimates","volume":"12","author":"Ray","year":"2008","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blewitt, G., and Lavall\u00e9e, D. (2002). Effect of annual signals on geodetic velocity. J. Geophys. Res., 107.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JB000570"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26096","DOI":"10.3390\/s151026096","article-title":"The quasi-biennial vertical oscillations at global GPS stations: Identification by ensemble empirical mode decomposition","volume":"15","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18057","DOI":"10.1029\/97JB01378","article-title":"Southern California permanent GPS geodetic array: Spatial filtering of daily positions for estimating coseismic and postseismic displacements induced by the 1992 Landers Earthquake","volume":"102","author":"Wdowinski","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggv385","article-title":"Crustal vertical deformation response to different spatial scales of GRACE and GCMs surface loading","volume":"204","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2004.08.005","article-title":"Geodetic signatures of a Late Pleistocene Tibetan ice sheet","volume":"39","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1006\/qres.1997.1924","article-title":"Implications of Late Pleistocene glaciation of the Tibetan Plateau for present-day uplift rates and gravity anomalies","volume":"48","author":"Kaufmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Quat. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2009.11.053","article-title":"Time-variable ice loss in Asian high mountains from satellite gravimetry","volume":"290","author":"Matsuo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S1040-6182(97)00008-6","article-title":"Reconstruction of the 2.4 million km2 late Pleistocene ice sheet on the Tibetan Plateau and its impact on the global climate","volume":"45\u201346","author":"Kuhle","year":"1998","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2016.11.039","article-title":"Solid pole tide in global GPS and superconducting gravimeter observations: Signal retrieval and inference for mantle anelasticity","volume":"459","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50552","article-title":"Rapid ice melting drives Earth\u2019s pole to the east","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggu325","article-title":"Geodetic vertical velocities affected by recent rapid changes in polar motion","volume":"199","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L13301","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL038152","article-title":"Contributions of thermal expansion of monuments and nearby bedrock to observed GPS height changes","volume":"36","author":"Yan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/99\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:56:10Z","timestamp":1760208970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/99"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,31]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s18010099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18010099","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,31]]}}}