{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T11:20:13Z","timestamp":1769944813792,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National University of Malaysia Research University Grant","award":["GUP-2016-061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUP-2016-061"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Scheme","award":["FRGS\/1\/2016\/TK07\/UKM\/02\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2016\/TK07\/UKM\/02\/2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An enzyme-based electrochemical biosensor was investigated for the analysis of Sunset Yellow synthetic food dye. A glassy carbon electrode was coated with a poly(acrylamide-co-ethyl methacrylate) membrane to immobilize laccase using a single-step photopolymerization procedure. Poly(acrylamide-co-ethyl methacrylate) membrane was demonstrated to have acceptable water absorption and suitable for biosensor application. Sunset Yellow biosensor exhibited a linear response range from 0.08 to 10.00 \u00b5M with a detection limit of 0.02 \u00b5M. This biosensor was successfully used to determine Sunset Yellow in soft drinks with recoveries of 99.0\u2013101.6%. The method was validated using high-performance liquid chromatography, indicating the biosensor can be as a promising alternative method for Sunset Yellow detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,3]],"date-time":"2018-01-03T12:00:06Z","timestamp":1514980806000},"page":"101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Electrochemical Sunset Yellow Biosensor Based on Photocured Polyacrylamide Membrane for Food Dye Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Normazida","family":"Rozi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amalina","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Yook Heng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loh","family":"Shyuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharina","family":"Hanifah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Polymer Research Center, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2009.10.001","article-title":"Second order advantage in the determination of amaranth, sunset yellow fcf and tatrazine by uv-vis and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares","volume":"655","author":"Llamas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.10.103","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of Sunset Yellow and Tartrazine in soft drinks using gold nanoparticles carbon paste electrode","volume":"132","author":"Ghoreishi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.05.032","article-title":"Highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for sunset yellow based on the enhancement effect of alumina microfibers","volume":"185","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8760","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AY01895H","article-title":"Determination of sunset yellow in foods based on a facile electrochemical sensor","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0081414jes","article-title":"Sensitively simultaneous determination of sunset yellow and tatrazine in foods based on polyrrole modifies oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"161","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"159","article-title":"An amperometric sensor for sunset yellow fcf detection based on molecularly imprinted polypyrrole","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Res. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2009.06.016","article-title":"Surfaced-enhanced oxidation and detection of sunset yellow and tatrazine using multi-walled carbon nanotubes film-modified electrode","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2013.03.061","article-title":"Fabrication of \u03b2-cyclodextrin-coated poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-functionalized graphene composite film modified glassy carbon-rotating disk electrode and its application for simultaneous electrochemical determination colorants of sunset yellow and tatrazine","volume":"779","author":"Ye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"154","article-title":"Biodegradation of carcinogetic textile azo dye using bacterial isolates of mangrove sediment","volume":"2","author":"Srivinivasan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Coast. Life Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.04.039","article-title":"One-step electrochemical approach fo the preparation of graphene wrapped-phosphotungstic acids hydrid and its application for simulataneous determination of sunset yellow and tatrazine","volume":"74","author":"Gan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reconsideration of the temporary ADI and refined exposure assessmet for sunset yellow FCF (E 110)","volume":"12","author":"Aguilar","year":"2014","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2012.04.033","article-title":"Simulataneous voltammetric determination of synthetic colorants in food using a cathodically pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode","volume":"97","author":"Medeiros","year":"2012","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2005.07.024","article-title":"HPLC-MS degradation study of E110 Sunset Yellow FCF in acommercial beverage","volume":"1090","author":"Gosetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chrom. A"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"435","article-title":"Optimization of parameters for adsorption of methylene blue on a low cost activated carbon","volume":"55","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1123.2013.11020","article-title":"Analysis of tartrazine and sunset yellow aluminium lake in foods by capillary zone electrophoresis","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chrom."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1139\/V10-059","article-title":"Electrochemical reduction of sunset yellow at a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-modified glassy carbon electrode and its analytical applications","volume":"88","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.10.098","article-title":"A novel and sensitive hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide functionalized graphene supported platinum nanoparticles composite modified glassy carbon electrode for determination of sunset yellow","volume":"209","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1080\/00032710903518567","article-title":"Biosensors based on laccase for detection of commercially reactive dyes","volume":"43","author":"Munteanu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6407","DOI":"10.3390\/s8106407","article-title":"Effect of gold nanoparticles on the response of phenol biosensor containing photocurable membrane with tyrosinase","volume":"8","author":"Hanifah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5044","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ay40873f","article-title":"Highly sensitive determination of sunset yellow in drink using a poly(L-cysteine) modified glassy carbon electrode","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1134\/S1023193515030118","article-title":"CTAB functionalized graphene oxide\/multi-walled carbon nanotube composite modified electrode for the simultaneous determination of sunset yellow and tartrazine","volume":"51","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Russ. J. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"17","article-title":"Laccase activity determination","volume":"4","author":"Manole","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cuza Uni. Sci. Ann. Lasi"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2013.07.129","article-title":"Laccase biosensor based on screen-printed electrode modified with thionine-carbon black nanocomposite for Bisphenol A detection","volume":"109","author":"Portaccio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-6-103","article-title":"A disposable biosensor based on immobilization of laccase with silica spheres on the MWCNTs-doped screen printed electrode","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41214","article-title":"A novel laccase biosensor based on laccase immobilized graphene-cellulose microfiber composite modified screen-printed carbon electrode for sensitive determination of catechol","volume":"7","author":"Palanisamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.06.010","article-title":"Electroanalysis and laccase-based biosensor on the determination of phenolic content and antioxidant power of honey samples","volume":"237","author":"Rezende","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.08.046","article-title":"Mechanical and water barrier properties of starch\/PVA composite films by adding nanosized poly(methyl methacrylate-co-acrylamide) particle","volume":"87","author":"Yoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2006.07.031","article-title":"Decreased oxygen inhibition in photopolumerized acrylate\/epoxide hydrid polymer coatings as demonstrated by Raman spectroscopy","volume":"47","author":"Cai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"21","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)-grafted-poly(styrene-co-methyl) microgels by emulsion polymerization","volume":"5","author":"Rifa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Adv. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15044","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra41733f","article-title":"Characterization of iron impregnated polyacrylamide catalyst and its application to the treatment of municipal wastewater","volume":"35","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2013","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Pavia, D.L., Lampman, G.M., Kriz, G.S., and Vyvyan, J.R. (2010). Spectroscopy, Brook\/Cole Cengage Learning. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"030017","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4966755","article-title":"Characterization of ultraviolet-photocured acrylamide based polymer","volume":"1784","author":"Rozi","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.1018","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of semi-IPN hydrogels consisted of poly(methacrylic acid) and guar gum for colon-specific drug delivery","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poly. Adv. Tech."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.3390\/polym3041972","article-title":"Water soluble polymers for pharmaceutical applications","volume":"3","author":"Gowda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and rheological behavior of pH sensitive poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) hydrogels","volume":"10","author":"Nesrinne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2010.05.011","article-title":"Immobilization of laccase in k-carrageenan based semi-interpenetrating networks","volume":"148","author":"Makas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"11","article-title":"Blue laccase","volume":"72","author":"Morozova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2004.06.001","article-title":"A new tyrosinase biosensor based on covalent immobilization of enzyme on N-(3-aminopropyl) pyrrole polymer film","volume":"5","author":"Rajesh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.10.010","article-title":"Highly sensitive and selective sensor for sunset yellow based on molecularly imprinted polydopamine-coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"100","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Higly sensitive determination of sunset yellow FCF(E110) in food products based on chitosan\/nanoparticles\/MWCNTs with modified gold electrode","volume":"36","author":"Rovina","year":"2016","journal-title":"IOP Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-014-9879-6","article-title":"Convenient electrochemical determination of sunset yellow and tatrazine in food sample using a poly(L-Phenylalanine)-modified glassy carbon electrode","volume":"8","author":"Chao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Anal. Meth."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scotter, M.J. (2015). Chapter 2: Food colour additives of synthetic origin (pp. 35\u201360). Colour Additives for Foods and Beverages, Woodhead Publishing. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-011-8.00002-7"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ya, Y., Jiang, C., Li, T., Liao, J., Fan, Y., Wei, Y., Yan, F., and Xie, L. (2017). A zinc oxide nanoflower-based electrochemical sensor for trace detection of sunset yellow. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030545"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946248","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/946248","article-title":"Parameters affecting the performance of immobilized enzyme","volume":"2013","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10014","DOI":"10.3390\/s130810014","article-title":"An amperometric biosensor utilizing a ferrocene-mediated horseradish peroxidase preaction for the determination of capsaicin","volume":"12","author":"Mohammad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, T., Petrie, K., Shim, J., Abildshov, K.M., Westhoff, C.L., and Cremers, S. (2013). A UPLC-MS\/MS method for therapeutic drug monitoring of etonogestrel. Ther. Drug. Monit., 35.","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e31829a10fa"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Toffoli, G., Rothman, N., Ferguson, R., Nagourney, S., Robinson, D., Sanguiliano, J., and Worby, P. (2014). Data Quality Assessment and Data Usability Evaluation Technical, New Jersey Department of Environment Protection."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/101\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:49:45Z","timestamp":1760194185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s18010101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18010101","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]}}}