{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:50:54Z","timestamp":1781110254020,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2015M3C7A1065052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2015M3C7A1065052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Institute for Information &amp; communications Technology","award":["2017-0-00432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-0-00432"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increase in the number of adolescents with internet gaming disorder (IGD), a type of behavioral addiction is becoming an issue of public concern. Teaching adolescents to suppress their craving for gaming in daily life situations is one of the core strategies for treating IGD. Recent studies have demonstrated that computer-aided treatment methods, such as neurofeedback therapy, are effective in relieving the symptoms of a variety of addictions. When a computer-aided treatment strategy is applied to the treatment of IGD, detecting whether an individual is currently experiencing a craving for gaming is important. We aroused a craving for gaming in 57 adolescents with mild to severe IGD using numerous short video clips showing gameplay videos of three addictive games. At the same time, a variety of biosignals were recorded including photoplethysmogram, galvanic skin response, and electrooculogram measurements. After observing the changes in these biosignals during the craving state, we classified each individual participant\u2019s craving\/non-craving states using a support vector machine. When video clips edited to arouse a craving for gaming were played, significant decreases in the standard deviation of the heart rate, the number of eye blinks, and saccadic eye movements were observed, along with a significant increase in the mean respiratory rate. Based on these results, we were able to classify whether an individual participant felt a craving for gaming with an average accuracy of 87.04%. This is the first study that has attempted to detect a craving for gaming in an individual with IGD using multimodal biosignal measurements. Moreover, this is the first that showed that an electrooculogram could provide useful biosignal markers for detecting a craving for gaming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,3]],"date-time":"2018-01-03T12:00:06Z","timestamp":1514980806000},"page":"102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Detection of Craving for Gaming in Adolescents with Internet Gaming Disorder Using Multimodal Biosignals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0439-6236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hodam","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7671-0162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihyeon","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, Korea"},{"name":"Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7437-4211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won-Du","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, Tongmyong University, Busan 48520, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanjoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laehyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3795-3318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Hwan","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12162","article-title":"Internet gaming disorder and the dsm-5","volume":"108","author":"Petry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01591.x","article-title":"Should addictive disorders include non-substance-related conditions?","volume":"101","author":"Potenza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(03)00081-2","article-title":"Drug craving and addiction: Integrating psychological and neuropsychopharmacological approaches","volume":"27","author":"Franken","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2376-3","article-title":"Stress-and cue-elicited craving and reactivity in marijuana-dependent individuals","volume":"218","author":"Carter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl.)"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1177\/026988110001400408","article-title":"Selective cognitive processing of drug cues in heroin dependence","volume":"14","author":"Franken","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1200","article-title":"Prefrontal responses to drug cues: A neurocognitive analysis","volume":"7","author":"Wilson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.09.012","article-title":"Brain activities associated with gaming urge of online gaming addiction","volume":"43","author":"Ko","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1997.tb03634.x","article-title":"The effect of alcohol consumption on craving to smoke","volume":"92","author":"Burton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2007.07.010","article-title":"Smoking-related videos for use in cue-induced craving paradigms","volume":"32","author":"Tong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2007.04.025","article-title":"Reactivity to nicotine cues over repeated cue reactivity sessions","volume":"32","author":"LaRowe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.78","article-title":"Enhanced negative emotion and alcohol craving, and altered physiological responses following stress and cue exposure in alcohol dependent individuals","volume":"34","author":"Sinha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0254","article-title":"Differentiation of internet addiction risk level based on autonomic nervous responses: The internet-addiction hypothesis of autonomic activity","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-016-0201-2","article-title":"Respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity of internet addiction abusers in negative and positive emotional states using film clips stimulation","volume":"15","author":"Hsieh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.07111835","article-title":"Computer-assisted delivery of cognitive-behavioral therapy for addiction: A randomized trial of cbt4cbt","volume":"165","author":"Carroll","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/10874208.2010.501498","article-title":"Neurofeedback effects on evoked and induced eeg gamma band reactivity to drug-related cues in cocaine addiction","volume":"14","author":"Horrell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-013-9218-5","article-title":"Neurofeedback training for opiate addiction: Improvement of mental health and craving","volume":"38","author":"Rostami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.1998.1.237","article-title":"Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder","volume":"1","author":"Young","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1089\/109493101300210286","article-title":"Modification in the proposed diagnostic criteria for internet addiction","volume":"4","author":"Beard","year":"2001","journal-title":"CyberPsychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H., Kim, J.-Y., and Im, C.-H. (2016). Fast and robust real-time estimation of respiratory rate from photoplethysmography. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16091494"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2013.10.015","article-title":"Development and validation of an unsupervised scoring system (autonomate) for skin conductance response analysis","volume":"91","author":"Green","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2016.2542524","article-title":"Real-time \u201ceye-writing\u201d recognition using electrooculogram","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2015.10.011","article-title":"Detection of eye blink artifacts from single prefrontal channel electroencephalogram","volume":"124","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Progr. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-017-0303-5","article-title":"Development of an electrooculogram-based eye-computer interface for communication of individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1967.10482916","article-title":"On the kolmogorov-smirnov test for normality with mean and variance unknown","volume":"62","author":"Lilliefors","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C.-C., and Lin, C.-J. (2011). Libsvm: A library for support vector machines. ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol., 2.","DOI":"10.1145\/1961189.1961199"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.005","article-title":"Brain fmri study of crave induced by cue pictures in online game addicts (male adolescents)","volume":"233","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.09.010","article-title":"Cue-induced cigarette and food craving: A common effect?","volume":"38","author":"Styn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4750","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5020-13.2014","article-title":"Cue-induced craving increases impulsivity via changes in striatal value signals in problem gamblers","volume":"34","author":"Miedl","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Silverthorn, D.U., Ober, W.C., Garrison, C.W., Silverthorn, A.C., and Johnson, B.R. (2009). Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, Pearson\/Benjamin Cummings."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1159\/000201716","article-title":"Craving-induced eeg reactivity in smokers: Effects of mood induction, nicotine dependence and gender","volume":"58","author":"Knott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3635","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.0828","article-title":"Synchronization of spontaneous eyeblinks while viewing video stories","volume":"276","author":"Nakano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"206","article-title":"The effect cognitive load has on eye blinking","volume":"6","author":"Ledger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plymouth Stud. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, Y.S., Park, J., Im, C.-H., Lee, S.I., Kim, I.Y., and Jang, D.P. (2015). Correlation between inter-blink interval and episodic encoding during movie watching. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141242"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00392.x","article-title":"Eye movements to smoking-related pictures in smokers: Relationship between attentional biases and implicit and explicit measures of stimulus valence","volume":"98","author":"Mogg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.13.1.25","article-title":"Cognitive performance and autonomic reactivity in abstinent drug abusers and nonusers","volume":"13","author":"Fishbein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"110","article-title":"Quantitative electroencephalographic studies of cue-induced cocaine craving","volume":"34","author":"Reid","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. EEG"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Stork, M. (2012). Some methods systems and sensors which are possible for driver\u2019s drowsiness estimation. Latest Trends in Circuits, Automatic Control and Signal Processing, WSEAS Press."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.49.175","article-title":"Is 5-minute heart rate variability a useful measure for monitoring the autonomic nervous system of workers?","volume":"49","author":"Min","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Wikipedia (2017, October 21). Heart Rate Variability. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heart_rate_variability."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/102\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:49:45Z","timestamp":1760194185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s18010102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18010102","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]}}}