{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T20:05:00Z","timestamp":1776629100150,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Science Foundation of China","award":["No.61665011, No.11504313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.61665011, No.11504313"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Science and Technology Project","award":["No.QN2016YX0040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.QN2016YX0040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We successfully demonstrate a porous silicon (PS) double Bragg mirror by electrochemical etching at room temperature as a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) label-free biosensor for detecting ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). Compared to various other one-dimension photonic crystal configurations of PS, the double Bragg mirror structure is quite easy to prepare and exhibits interesting optical properties. The width of high reflectivity stop band of the PS double Bragg mirror is about 761 nm with a sharp and deep resonance peak at 1328 nm in the reflectance spectrum, which gives a high sensitivity and distinguishability for sensing performance. The detection sensitivity of such a double Bragg mirror structure is illustrated through the investigation of AOB DNA hybridization in the PS pores. The redshifts of the reflectance spectra show a good linear relationship with both complete complementary and partial complementary DNA. The lowest detection limit for complete complementary DNA is 27.1 nM and the detection limit of the biosensor for partial complementary DNA is 35.0 nM, which provides the feasibility and effectiveness for the detection of AOB in a real environment. The PS double Bragg mirror structure is attractive for widespread biosensing applications and provides great potential for the development of optical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,3]],"date-time":"2018-01-03T12:00:06Z","timestamp":1514980806000},"page":"105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Detection of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) Using a Porous Silicon Optical Biosensor Based on a Multilayered Double Bragg Mirror Structure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7252-4071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resource and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenhong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2017.08.015","article-title":"Modelling cometabolic biotransformation of sulfamethoxazole by an enriched ammonia oxidizing bacteria culture","volume":"173","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2017.06.024","article-title":"pH drives ammonia oxidizing bacteria rather than archaea thereby stimulate nitrification under Ageratina adenophora colonization","volume":"114","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"18","article-title":"Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products by ammonia oxidizing bacteria acclimated in a membrane bioreactor: Contributions of cometabolism and endogenous respiration","volume":"605\u2013606","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Ammonia-oxidizing archaea and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in six full-scale wastewater treatment bioreactors","volume":"91","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Genet. Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7461","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01001-09","article-title":"Distribution and Diversity of Archaeal and Bacterial Ammonia Oxidizers in Salt Marsh Sediments","volume":"75","author":"Moin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"505","article-title":"Microsite Differentiation Drives the Abundance of Soil Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria along Aridity Gradients","volume":"7","author":"Baquerizo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.07.054","article-title":"Gold coated porous silicon nanocomposite as a substrate for photoluminescence-based immunosensor suitable for the determination of Aflatoxin B1","volume":"175","author":"Myndrul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.03.017","article-title":"Porous silicon in drug delivery devices and materials","volume":"60","author":"Anglin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.09.005","article-title":"The compatibility of hepatocytes with chemically modified porous silicon with reference to in vitro biosensors","volume":"30","author":"Alvarez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2017.07.005","article-title":"Porous silicon micro-resonator implemented by standard photolithography process for sensing application","volume":"72","author":"Girault","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H.Y., Lv, J., and Jia, Z.H. (2017). Efficient Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer between Quantum Dots and Gold Nanoparticles Based on Porous Silicon Photonic Crystal for DNA Detection. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17051078"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.11.013","article-title":"Real-time monitoring of sustained drug release using the optical properties of porous silicon photonic crystal particles","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2016.11.053","article-title":"Optical nose based on porous silicon photonic crystal infiltrated with ionic liquids","volume":"953","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.07.047","article-title":"Hybridization assay of insect antifreezing protein gene by novel multilayered porous silicon nucleic acid biosensor","volume":"39","author":"Lv","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.01.028","article-title":"A distributed Bragg reflector porous silicon layer for optical interferometric sensing of organic vapor","volume":"155","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4966","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1461898","article-title":"Porous silicon multilayer structures: A photonic band gap analysis","volume":"91","author":"Lugo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.01.012","article-title":"Porous silicon optical microcavity biosensor on silicon-on-insulator wafer for sensitive DNA detection","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.10.144","article-title":"Structural and optical properties of Annealed Porous Silicon Bragg Reflector for Thin-Film Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells","volume":"10","author":"Grau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22208","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.022208","article-title":"The effect of silicon loss and fabrication tolerance on spectral properties of porous silicon Fabry-Perot cavities in sensing applications","volume":"20","author":"Hasar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4895","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1531226","article-title":"Optical microcavities with subnanometer linewidths based on porous silicon","volume":"81","author":"Reece","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-4018(99)00244-8","article-title":"Fibre Raman amplifiers for broadband operation at 1.3 \u03bcm","volume":"166","author":"Gapontsev","year":"1999","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2009.01.079","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of a novel photocrosslinkable fluorinated poly(arylene ether) for optical waveguide","volume":"63","author":"Tie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2011.03.045","article-title":"Dynamic optical arbitrary waveform generation and detection in InP photonic integrated circuits for Tb\/s optical communications","volume":"284","author":"Fontaine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161109","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3005620","article-title":"Label-free porous silicon membrane wavelength for DNA sensing","volume":"93","author":"Rong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiavaioli, F., Gouveia, C.A.J., Jorge, P.A.S., and Baldini, F. (2017). Towards a Uniform Metrological Assessment of Grating-Based Optical Fiber Sensors: From Refractometers to Biosensors. Biosensors, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios7020023"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/105\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:49:46Z","timestamp":1760194186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s18010105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18010105","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]}}}