{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T04:39:00Z","timestamp":1768451940560,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,3]],"date-time":"2018-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["605073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["605073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Catalan Government","award":["SGR-2014-1173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGR-2014-1173"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Government","award":["TEC2016-79510-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TEC2016-79510-P"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of low-power wide area networks (LPWANs) as a new agent in the Internet of Things (IoT) will result in the incorporation into the digital world of low-automated processes from a wide variety of sectors. The single-hop conception of typical LPWAN deployments, though simple and robust, overlooks the self-organization capabilities of network devices, suffers from lack of scalability in crowded scenarios, and pays little attention to energy consumption. Aimed to take the most out of devices\u2019 capabilities, the HARE protocol stack is proposed in this paper as a new LPWAN technology flexible enough to adopt uplink multi-hop communications when proving energetically more efficient. In this way, results from a real testbed show energy savings of up to 15% when using a multi-hop approach while keeping the same network reliability. System\u2019s self-organizing capability and resilience have been also validated after performing numerous iterations of the association mechanism and deliberately switching off network devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,3]],"date-time":"2018-01-03T12:00:06Z","timestamp":1514980806000},"page":"115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["HARE: Supporting Efficient Uplink Multi-Hop Communications in Self-Organizing LPWANs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9789-9777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toni","family":"Adame V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Carrer de Roc Boronat 138, 08018 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Barrachina-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Carrer de Roc Boronat 138, 08018 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Bellalta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Carrer de Roc Boronat 138, 08018 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2799-2188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Bel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Carrer de Roc Boronat 138, 08018 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Jones, N. 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