{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T19:13:24Z","timestamp":1772910804324,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]],"date-time":"2018-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["60907003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["60907003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61671455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61671455"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Foundation of NUDT","award":["JC13-02-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JC13-02-13"]}]},{"name":"the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["13JJ3001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13JJ3001"]}]},{"name":"the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University","award":["NCET-12-0142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCET-12-0142"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A plasmonic refractive index (RI) sensor based on metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide coupled with concentric double rings resonator (CDRR) is proposed and investigated numerically. Utilizing the novel supermodes of the CDRR, the FWHM of the resonant wavelength can be modulated, and a sensitivity of 1060 nm\/RIU with high figure of merit (FOM) 203.8 is realized in the near-infrared region. The unordinary modes, as well as the influence of structure parameters on the sensing performance, are also discussed. Such plasmonic sensor with simple framework and high optical resolution could be applied to on-chip sensing systems and integrated optical circuits. Besides, the special cases of bio-sensing and triple rings are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]],"date-time":"2018-01-04T11:52:47Z","timestamp":1515066767000},"page":"116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":177,"title":["Plasmonic Refractive Index Sensor with High Figure of Merit Based on Concentric-Rings Resonator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zhaojian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Junbo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Material Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Material Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Dingbo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Yunxin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Material Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01937","article-title":"Surface plasmon subwavelength optics","volume":"424","author":"Barnes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.002310","article-title":"Ultra-high resolution filter and optical field modulator based on a surface plasmon polariton","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.000450","article-title":"Numerical study of an ultra-broadband near-perfect solar absorber in the visible and near-infrared region","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.000187","article-title":"Plasmonic wavelength splitter based on a metal-insulator-metal waveguide with a graded grating coupler","volume":"42","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9975","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.009975","article-title":"Numerical analysis of a near-infrared plasmonic refractive index sensor with high figure of merit based on a fillet cavity","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7959","DOI":"10.3390\/s140507959","article-title":"Recent advances in plasmonic sensors","volume":"14","author":"Tong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3381","article-title":"Plasmonic gold mushroom arrays with refractive index sensing figures of merit approaching the theoretical limit","volume":"4","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-012-9421-x","article-title":"Highly Sensitive Plasmonic Temperature Sensor Based on Photonic Crystal Surface Plasmon Waveguide","volume":"8","author":"Srivastava","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26318","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.026318","article-title":"Phase sensitive sensor on plasmonic nanograting structures","volume":"19","author":"Maisonneuve","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-016-0707-2","article-title":"Semiconductor plasmonic gas sensor using on-chip infrared spectroscopy","volume":"123","author":"Elsayed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Maier, S.A. (2014). Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7669","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.007669","article-title":"The sensing characteristics of plasmonic waveguide with a ring resonator","volume":"22","author":"Shu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29183","DOI":"10.3390\/s151129183","article-title":"A Refractive Index Sensor Based on a Metal-Insulator-Metal Waveguide-Coupled Ring Resonator","volume":"15","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Huang, Y.-X., Xie, Y.-Y., Zhao, W.-L., Che, H.-J., Xu, W.-H., Li, X., and Li, J.-C. (2014, January 20\u201322). A plasmonic refractive index sensor based on a MIM waveguide with a side-coupled nanodisk resonator. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 20th International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications, Chongqing, China."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2014.11.064","article-title":"A nanometeric temperature sensor based on plasmonic waveguide with an ethanol-sealed rectangular cavity","volume":"339","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Zhang, Z., Wang, R., Hai, Z., Xue, C., Zhang, W., and Yan, S. (2017). Refractive Index Sensor Based on Fano Resonances in Metal-Insulator-Metal Waveguides Coupled with Resonators. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040784"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Luo, L., Xue, C., Zhang, W., and Yan, S. (2016). Fano Resonance Based on Metal-Insulator-Metal Waveguide-Coupled Double Rectangular Cavities for Plasmonic Nanosensors. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16050642"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6313","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2455534","article-title":"Enhanced Figure of Merit in Fano Resonance-Based Plasmonic Refractive Index Sensor","volume":"15","author":"Zafar","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Zhang, Z., and Yan, S. (2017). Tunable Fano Resonance in Asymmetric MIM Waveguide Structure. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071494"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-013-9580-4","article-title":"Coupled-Resonator-Induced Fano Resonances for Plasmonic Sensing with Ultra-High Figure of Merits","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2014.310","article-title":"How to deal with the loss in plasmonics and metamaterials","volume":"10","author":"Khurgin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2007.01.059","article-title":"Sub-5 nm fib direct patterning of nanodevices","volume":"84","author":"Gierak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.34.000207","article-title":"Guidelines for designing 2D and 3D plasmonic stub resonators","volume":"34","author":"Naghizadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2007.903544","article-title":"Modes of subwavelength plasmonic slot waveguides","volume":"25","author":"Veronis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.1985.1074291","article-title":"Coupled mode theory of parallel waveguides","volume":"3","author":"Hardy","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.1984.1072326","article-title":"Relation between normal-mode and coupled-mode analyses of parallel waveguides","volume":"20","author":"Marom","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253116","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3530795","article-title":"Cavity-enhanced localized plasmon resonance sensing","volume":"97","author":"Ameling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2017.142","article-title":"Fano resonances in photonics","volume":"11","author":"Limonov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5539","DOI":"10.1021\/la049653+","article-title":"Optical properties of an immobilized DNA monolayer from 255 to 700 nm","volume":"20","author":"Elhadj","year":"2004","journal-title":"Langmuir ACS J. Surf. Colloids"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.32.000460","article-title":"Localized biosensing with topas microstructured polymer optical fiber","volume":"32","author":"Emiliyanov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20834","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.16.020834","article-title":"Label-free and selective nonlinear fiber-optical biosensing","volume":"16","author":"Ott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7790","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.007790","article-title":"Label-free biosensing with high sensitivity in dual-core microstructured polymer optical fibers","volume":"19","author":"Markos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8224","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.14.008224","article-title":"Photonic crystal fiber long-period gratings for biochemical sensing","volume":"14","author":"Rindorf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-017-0418-0","article-title":"A study on refractive index sensors based on optical micro-ring resonators","volume":"7","author":"Tsigaridas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photonic Sens."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/116\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:50:06Z","timestamp":1760194206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s18010116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18010116","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201711.0088.v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201711.0088.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]]}}}