{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:17:49Z","timestamp":1777501069437,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]],"date-time":"2018-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration\u2019s Medical Countermeasures Initiative (MCMi) Regulatory Science Program","award":["16ECDRH407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16ECDRH407"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fever screening based on infrared (IR) thermographs (IRTs) is an approach that has been implemented during infectious disease pandemics, such as Ebola and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. A recently published international standard indicates that regions medially adjacent to the inner canthi provide accurate estimates of core body temperature and are preferred sites for fever screening. Therefore, rapid, automated identification of the canthi regions within facial IR images may greatly facilitate rapid fever screening of asymptomatic travelers. However, it is more difficult to accurately identify the canthi regions from IR images than from visible images that are rich with exploitable features. In this study, we developed and evaluated techniques for multi-modality image registration (MMIR) of simultaneously captured visible and IR facial images for fever screening. We used free form deformation (FFD) models based on edge maps to improve registration accuracy after an affine transformation. Two widely used FFD models in medical image registration based on the Demons and cubic B-spline algorithms were qualitatively compared. The results showed that the Demons algorithm outperformed the cubic B-spline algorithm, likely due to overfitting of outliers by the latter method. The quantitative measure of registration accuracy, obtained through selected control point correspondence, was within 2.8 \u00b1 1.2 mm, which enables accurate and automatic localization of canthi regions in the IR images for temperature measurement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]],"date-time":"2018-01-04T11:52:47Z","timestamp":1515066767000},"page":"125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Free-Form Deformation Approach for Registration of Visible and Infrared Facial Images in Fever Screening"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yedukondala","family":"Dwith Chenna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pejhman","family":"Ghassemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Pfefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Casamento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quanzeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)\/International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (2017). 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