{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:53:14Z","timestamp":1790952794985,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]],"date-time":"2018-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies have used accelerometers with various operating ranges (ORs) when measuring biomechanical parameters. However, it is still unclear whether ORs influence the accuracy of running parameters, and whether the different stiffnesses of footwear midsoles influence this accuracy. The purpose of the present study was to systematically investigate the influence of OR on the accuracy of stride length, running velocity, and on peak tibial acceleration. Twenty-one recreational heel strike runners ran on a 15-m indoor track at self-selected running speeds in three footwear conditions (low to high midsole stiffness). Runners were equipped with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) affixed to the heel cup of the right shoe and with a uniaxial accelerometer at the right tibia. Accelerometers (at the tibia and included in the IMU) with a high OR of \u00b170 g were used as the reference and the data were cut at \u00b132, \u00b116, and at \u00b18 g in post-processing, before calculating parameters. The results show that the OR influenced the outcomes of all investigated parameters, which were not influenced by tested footwear conditions. The lower ORs were associated with an underestimation error for all biomechanical parameters, which increased noticeably with a decreasing OR. It can be concluded that accelerometers with a minimum OR of \u00b132 g should be used to avoid inaccurate measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]],"date-time":"2018-01-08T04:21:21Z","timestamp":1515385281000},"page":"130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The Effect of the Accelerometer Operating Range on Biomechanical Parameters: Stride Length, Velocity, and Peak Tibial Acceleration during Running"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7662-8062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Mitschke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Locomotion, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0941-0781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Kiesewetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Locomotion, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Locomotion, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.3390\/s120202255","article-title":"Gait analysis using wearable sensors","volume":"12","author":"Tao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2009.02.002","article-title":"Development of a wearable sensor system for quantitative gait analysis","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00231-7","article-title":"Accelerometer and rate gyroscope measurement of kinematics: An inexpensive alternative to optical motion analysis systems","volume":"35","author":"Mayagoitia","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitschke, C., \u00d6hmichen, M., and Milani, T.L. (2017). A single gyroscope can be used to accurately determine peak eversion velocity during locomotion at different speeds and in various shoes. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7070659"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitschke, C., He\u00df, T., and Milani, T.L. (2017). Which method detects foot strike in rearfoot and forefoot runners accurately when using an inertial measurement unit?. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7090959"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2013.843013","article-title":"Measuring kinematic changes of the foot using a gyro sensor during intense running","volume":"32","author":"Shih","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2010.03.002","article-title":"Tibial acceleration variability during consecutive gait cycles is influenced by the menstrual cycle","volume":"25","author":"Clark","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.886127","article-title":"Aging of running shoes and its effect on mechanical and biomechanical variables: Implications for runners","volume":"32","author":"Chambon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9457(00)00013-0","article-title":"Effect of fatigue on leg kinematics and impact acceleration in long distance running","volume":"19","author":"Mizrahi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.06.037","article-title":"Tibial impacts and muscle activation during walking, jogging and running when performed overground, and on motorised and non-motorised treadmills","volume":"49","author":"Montgomery","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2014.03.004","article-title":"Impact shock frequency components and attenuation in rearfoot and forefoot running","volume":"3","author":"Gruber","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(97)00008-9","article-title":"Perceptual and biomechanical variables for running in identical shoe constructions with varying midsole hardness","volume":"12","author":"Milani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-002-0646-9","article-title":"Relationship between shock attenuation and stride length during running at different velocities","volume":"87","author":"Mercer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1080\/0264041031000140383","article-title":"Characteristics of shock attenuation during fatigued running","volume":"21","author":"Mercer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/19424281003781543","article-title":"Systematically modified crash-pad reduces impact shock in running shoes","volume":"2","author":"Heidenfelder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.09.020","article-title":"Running injury and stride time variability over a prolonged run","volume":"33","author":"Meardon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2011.613857","article-title":"The position of medial dual density midsole elements in running shoes does not influence biomechanical variables","volume":"3","author":"Oriwol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2634-7","article-title":"Impact reduction through long-term intervention in recreational runners: Midfoot strike pattern versus low-drop\/low-heel height footwear","volume":"113","author":"Giandolini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.29.1.118","article-title":"Determination of gait events using an externally mounted shank accelerometer","volume":"29","author":"Sinclair","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of treadmill running and fatigue on impact acceleration in distance running","volume":"13","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.840727","article-title":"Assessment of walking features from foot inertial sensing","volume":"52","author":"Sabatini","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2015.01.003","article-title":"Stride length-velocity relationship during running with body weight support","volume":"4","author":"Mercer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.06.019","article-title":"Ambulatory running speed estimation using an inertial sensor","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.08.032","article-title":"Continuous three dimensional analysis of running mechanics during a marathon by means of inertial magnetic measurement units to objectify changes in running mechanics","volume":"49","author":"Reenalda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/975193","article-title":"A preliminary test of measurement of joint angles and stride length with wireless inertial sensors for wearable gait evaluation system","volume":"2011","author":"Watanabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Provot, T., Chiementin, X., Oudin, E., Bolaers, F., and Murer, S. (2017). Validation of a high sampling rate inertial measurement unit for acceleration during running. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17091958"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11556","DOI":"10.3390\/s101211556","article-title":"The use of wearable inertial motion sensors in human lower limb biomechanics studies: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Fong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6102","DOI":"10.3390\/s120506102","article-title":"Inertial sensor-based methods in walking speed estimation: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez, J.C., Gonz\u00e1lez, R.C., Alvarez, D., L\u00f3pez, A.M., and Rodr\u00edguez-Ur\u00eda, J. (2007, January 22\u201326). Multisensor approach to walking distance estimation with foot inertial sensing. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4353645"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2005.12.017","article-title":"Gait event detection using linear accelerometers or angular velocity transducers in able-bodied and spinal-cord injured individuals","volume":"24","author":"Jasiewicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2008.03.007","article-title":"Side-to-side differences in overuse running injury susceptibility: A retrospective study","volume":"27","author":"Zifchock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2017.1382482","article-title":"The influence of inertial sensor sampling frequency on the accuracy of measurement parameters in rearfoot running","volume":"20","author":"Mitschke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.04.022","article-title":"Measurement of peak impact loads differ between accelerometers\u2014Effects of system operating range and sampling rate","volume":"58","author":"Ziebart","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08723","article-title":"Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners","volume":"463","author":"Lieberman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.9.4.306","article-title":"Use of ground reaction force parameters in predicting peak tibial accelerations in running","volume":"9","author":"Hennig","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2015.1038656","article-title":"A simple method to detect stride intervals in continuous acceleration and gyroscope data recorded during treadmill running","volume":"7","author":"Maiwald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.04.035","article-title":"Estimation of stride length in level walking using an inertial measurement unit attached to the foot: A validation of the zero velocity assumption during stance","volume":"44","author":"Peruzzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.01.020","article-title":"Towards clinical application: Repetitive sensor position re-calibration for improved reliability of gait parameters","volume":"39","author":"Hamacher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwanitz, S., and Odenwald, S. (2008). Long-term cushioning properties of running shoes (P152). The Engineering of Sport 7, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-2-287-09413-2_11"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2010.04.067","article-title":"Polyurethane-foam midsoles in running shoes\u2014Impact energy and damping","volume":"2","author":"Odenwald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Heidenfelder, J. (2011). Entwicklung Eines Dynamischen Tests zur Pr\u00fcfung der R\u00fcckfu\u00dfd\u00e4mpfung von Laufschuhen Mittels Biomechanischer Messmethoden, TU Chemnitz."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"Quantitative methods in psychology","volume":"112","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2012.2201950","article-title":"Monitoring kinematic changes with fatigue in running using body-worn sensors","volume":"16","author":"Strohrmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.28.4.256","article-title":"Kinematic and kinetic parameters associated with running in different shoes","volume":"28","author":"Mcnair","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1235792","article-title":"The location of the tibial accelerometer does influence impact acceleration parameters during running","volume":"35","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/130\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:50:13Z","timestamp":1760194213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/130"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s18010130"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18010130","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]]}}}